The medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex jointly represent the cognitive map of task space.

A cognitive map is an internal model of the world's causal structure, crucial for adaptive behaviors. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is central node to decision-making and cognitive map representation. However, it remains unclear how the medial OFC (mOFC) and lateral OFC (lOFC) contribute to the formation of cognitive maps in humans.

Blood mercury mediates the associations between fish consumption and serum uric acid levels among Chinese adults: A nationally representative study.

Fish consumption can increase purine load in human body, and the enrichment of mercury in fish may affect the glomerular filtration function, both resulting in increased serum uric acid (SUA) levels. The data of blood mercury (BHg), fish consumption frequency and SUA levels of 7653 participants aged 18 years or older was from China National Human Biomonitoring (2017-2018). The associations between fish consumption frequency, ln-transformed BHg and SUA levels were explored through weighted multiple linear regressions.

Associations of Serum Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances with Hyperuricemia in Adults: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

There has been widespread concern about the health hazards of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which may be the risk factor for hyperuricemia with evidence still insufficient in the general population in China. Here, we conducted a nationwide study involving 9,580 adults aged 18 years or older from 2017 to 2018, measured serum concentrations of uric acid and PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, 6:2 Cl-PFESA, PFNA, PFHxS) in participants, to assess the associations of individual PFAS with hyperuricemia, and estimated a joint effect of PFAS mixtures. We found positive associations of higher serum PFAS with elevated odds of hyperuricemia in Chinese adults, with the greatest contribution from PFOA (69.

A Prospective Cohort Study of Antimony Exposure and Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults - China, 2017-2021.

What Is Already Known About This Topic?: Antimony (Sb) has been identified as a new neurotoxicant that impacts neurological functions in animal studies. However, its effects on the human population remain unknown.

What Is Added By This Report?: The study reveals that there is an association between exposure to Sb and a higher incidence of cognitive impairment in older adults.

Functional specialization of medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in inferential decision-making.

Inferring prospective outcomes and updating behavior are prerequisites for making flexible decisions in the changing world. These abilities are highly associated with the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in humans and animals. The functional specialization of OFC subregions in decision-making has been established in animals.

Positive Associations of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances With Hypertension May Be Attenuated by Endogenous Sex Hormones: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) has endocrine-disrupting properties and may affect blood pressure. Endogenous hormones also play a crucial role in the progression of hypertension. However, their interaction with hypertension remains to be explored.

Forming cognitive maps for abstract spaces: the roles of the human hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex.

How does the human brain construct cognitive maps for decision-making and inference? Here, we conduct an fMRI study on a navigation task in multidimensional abstract spaces. Using a deep neural network model, we assess learning levels and categorized paths into exploration and exploitation stages. Univariate analyses show higher activation in the bilateral hippocampus and lateral prefrontal cortex during exploration, positively associated with learning level and response accuracy.

Neural substrates of affective temperaments: An intersubject representational similarity analysis to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in nonclinical subjects.

Previous research has suggested that certain types of the affective temperament, including depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable, and anxious, are subclinical manifestations and precursors of mental disorders. However, the neural mechanisms that underlie these temperaments are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to identify the brain regions associated with different affective temperaments.

Mediating Role of Liver Dysfunction in the Association between Arsenic Exposure and Diabetes in Chinese Adults: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study of China National Human Biomonitoring (CNHBM) 2017-2018.

Inconsistent results have been reported regarding the association between low-to-moderate arsenic (As) exposure and diabetes. The effect of liver dysfunction on As-induced diabetes remains unclear. The cross-sectional study included 10,574 adults from 2017-2018 China National Human Biomonitoring.

Dissociable contributions of the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex to representing task space in a social context.

The hippocampus (HC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) jointly encode a map-like representation of a task space to guide behavior. It remains unclear how the OFC and HC interact in encoding this map-like representation, though previous studies indicated that both regions have different functions. We acquired the functional magnetic resonance imaging data under a social navigation task in which participants interacted with characters in a two-dimensional "social space.

The Relationship Between Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality Among Older Adults - China, 1998-2018.

What Is Already Known About This Topic?: Previous research indicates that non-occupational physical activity can reduce mortality risk. Nevertheless, the relationship between occupational physical activity and health improvements has not been consistently established.

What Is Added By This Report?: The study found that regular exercise and leisure activities reduced the risk of all-cause mortality.

Gray matter abnormalities in patients with major depressive disorder and social anxiety disorder: a voxel-based meta-analysis.

Background: Major depressive and social anxiety disorders have a high comorbidity rate and similar cognitive patterns. However, their unique and shared neuroanatomical characteristics have not been fully identified.

Methods: Voxel-based morphometric studies comparing gray matter volume between patients with major depressive disorder/social anxiety disorder and healthy controls were searched using 4 electronic databases from the inception to March 2022.

Altered cortical myelin in the salience and default mode networks in major depressive disorder patients: A surface-based analysis.

Introduction: Evidence from previous genetic and post-mortem studies suggested that the myelination abnormality contributed to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, image-level alterations in cortical myelin content associated with MDD are still unclear.

Methods: The high-resolution T1-weighted (T1w) and T2-weighted (T2w) brain 3D structural images were obtained from 52 MDD patients and 52 healthy controls (HC).

Multi-modal MRI measures reveal sensory abnormalities in major depressive disorder patients: A surface-based study.

Background: Multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures are supposed to be able to capture different brain neurobiological aspects of major depressive disorder (MDD). A fusion analysis of structural and functional modalities may better reveal the disease biomarker specific to the MDD disease.

Methods: We recruited 30 MDD patients and 30 matched healthy controls (HC).

Leisure Activities, Genetic Risk, and Frailty: Evidence from the Chinese Adults Aged 80 Years or Older.

Introduction: About half of adults aged ≥80 years suffer from frailty. Exercise is considered effective in preventing frailty but may be inapplicable to adults aged ≥80 years due to physical limitations. As an alternative, we aimed to explore the association of leisure activities with frailty and identify potential interaction with established polygenic risk score (PRS) among adults aged ≥80 years.

Disrupted multi-scale topological organization of directed functional brain networks in patients with disorders of consciousness.

Disorders of consciousness are impaired states of consciousness caused by severe brain injuries. Previous resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported abnormal brain network properties at different topological scales in patients with disorders of consciousness by using graph theoretical analysis. However, it is still unclear how inter-regional directed propagation activities affect the topological organization of functional brain networks in patients with disorders of consciousness.

Social navigation modulates the anterior and posterior hippocampal circuits in the resting brain.

Social navigation is a dynamic and complex process that requires the collaboration of multiple brain regions. However, the neural networks for navigation in a social space remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of hippocampal circuit in social navigation from a resting-state fMRI data.

Long-term fine particular exposure and incidence of frailty in older adults: findings from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey.

Background: The association between fine particular matter (PM2.5) and frailty is less studied, and the national burden of PM2.5-related frailty in China is unknown.

Declines in Blood Lead Levels Among General Population - China, 2000-2018.

What Is Already Known About This Topic?: Environmental and occupational lead exposure has generally declined in the past two decades. However, there is no large-scale monitoring of blood lead levels (BLLs) in the Chinese general population.

What Is Added By This Report?: This nationally representative study showed declines of BLLs in all ages of participants; for children aged 3-5 years, down from 78.