Direct radiative effects of black carbon and brown carbon from Southeast Asia biomass burning with the WRF-CMAQ two-way coupled model.

Black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) are significant light-absorbing components of particulate matter that impact weather and climate. Biomass burning (BB) and biofuel (BF) emissions in Southeast Asia are key global sources of BC and BrC. This study utilizes the Weather Research and Forecasting-Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model, integrating a BrC module for the first time, alongside the Global Fire Emissions Database Version 4, to assess the direct radiative effect (DRE) of BC and BrC in March 2015 over Southeast Asia.

Rational Design of Lipid-Based Vectors for Advanced Therapeutic Vaccines.

Recent advancements in vaccine delivery systems have seen the utilization of various materials, including lipids, polymers, peptides, metals, and inorganic substances, for constructing non-viral vectors. Among these, lipid-based nanoparticles, composed of natural, synthetic, or physiological lipid/phospholipid materials, offer significant advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and safety, making them ideal for vaccine delivery. These lipid-based vectors can protect encapsulated antigens and/or mRNA from degradation, precisely tune chemical and physical properties to mimic viruses, facilitate targeted delivery to specific immune cells, and enable efficient endosomal escape for robust immune activation.

Global PM Prediction and Associated Mortality to 2100 under Different Climate Change Scenarios.

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM) has severe adverse health impacts, making it crucial to reduce PM exposure for public health. Meteorological and emissions factors, which considerably affect the PM concentrations in the atmosphere, vary substantially under different climate change scenarios. In this work, global PM concentrations from 2021 to 2100 were generated by combining the deep learning technique, reanalysis data, emission data, and bias-corrected CMIP6 future climate scenario data.

14, 15-EET alleviates neurological impairment through maintaining mitochondrial dynamics equilibrium via AMPK/SIRT1/FoxO1 signal pathways in mice with cerebral ischemia reperfusion.

Aim: To explore whether 14, 15-EET regulates mitochondrial dynamics to exert neuroprotective effects after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and its underlying mechanisms.

Methods: The mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion model was used to observe brain infarct volume and neuronal apoptosis by TTC staining and Tunel assay, modified neurological severity score to detect neurological impairment, HE staining and Nissl staining to observe neuron damage, western blot and immunofluorescence methods to detect the expression of mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins, transmission electron microscopy, and Golgi-Cox staining to detect mitochondrial morphology and neuronal dendritic spines.

Results: 14, 15-EET reduced the neuronal apoptosis and cerebral infarction volume induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion (MCAO/R), inhibited the degradation of dendritic spines, maintained the structural integrity of neurons, and alleviated neurological impairment.

Development of an integrated machine-learning and data assimilation framework for NO emission inversion.

As major air pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NO, mainly comprising NO and NO) not only have adverse effects on human health but also contribute to the formation of secondary pollutants, such as ozone and particulate nitrate. To acquire reasonable NO simulation results for further analysis, a reasonable emission inventory is needed for three-dimensional chemical transport models (3D-CTMs). In this study, a comprehensive emission adjustment framework for NO emission, which integrates the simulation results of the 3D-CTM, surface NO measurements, the three-dimensional variational data assimilation method, and an ensemble back propagation neural network, was proposed and applied to correct NO emissions over China for the summers of 2015 and 2020.

The Role of CCL2/CCR2 Axis in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Treatment: From Animal Experiments to Clinical Trials.

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a member of the monocyte chemokine protein family, which binds to its receptor CCR2 to induce monocyte infiltration and mediate inflammation. The CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway participates in the transduction of neuroinflammatory information between all types of cells in the central nervous system. Animal studies and clinical trials have shown that CCL2/CCR2 mediate the pathological process of ischemic stroke, and a higher CCL2 level in serum is associated with a higher risk of any form of stroke.

Estimation and variation analysis of secondary inorganic aerosols across the Greater Bay Area in 2005 and 2015.

As the concentrations of primary components of fine particulate matter (PM) have substantially decreased, the contribution of secondary inorganic aerosols to PM pollution has become more prominent. Therefore, understanding the variations in and characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosols is vital to further reducing PM concentrations in the future. In this study, an ensemble back-propagation neural network model was built by combining 3D numerical models, observation data, and machine learning methods, to estimate the concentrations of secondary inorganic aerosols (SO, NO, and NH) across the Greater Bay Area (GBA) in 2005 and 2015.

Development and application of a hybrid long-short term memory - three dimensional variational technique for the improvement of PM forecasting.

The current state-of-the-art three-dimensional (3D) numerical model for air quality forecasting is restricted by the uncertainty from the emission inventory, physical/chemical parameterization, and meteorological prediction. Forecasting performance can be improved by using the 3D-variational (3D-VAR) technique for assimilating the observation data, which corrects the initial concentration field. However, errors from the prognostic model cause the correction effects at the first hour to be erased, and the bias of the forecast increases relatively fast as the simulation progresses.

Impacts of urbanization and long-term meteorological variations on global PM and its associated health burden.

PM pollution has adverse health effects on humans. Urbanization and long-term meteorological variations play important roles in influencing the PM concentration and its associated health effects. Our results indicate that the urbanization process can enhance the PM concentration globally.

Estimations of Long-Term nss-SO and NO Wet Depositions over East Asia by Use of Ensemble Machine-Learning Method.

Wet deposition of non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO) and nitrate (NO), derived from anthropogenic emissions of SO and NO, exerts adverse effects on ecosystems. In this work, an ensemble back-propagation neural network was proposed to estimate the long-term wet depositions of nss-SO (2005-2017) and NO (2001-2014) over East Asia in 10 km resolution. The values for the 10-fold cross-validation of annual wet depositions of nss-SO and NO were 0.

Source and exposure apportionments of ambient PM under different synoptic patterns in the Pearl River Delta region.

PM is one of the most notorious ambient pollutants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region during episodic conditions. In this work, the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extension (CAMx) was used together with the Particulate Source Apportionment Technology (PSAT) module to analyze the influences of different sources on PM concentration in the PRD region under different synoptic patterns (sea high pressure, sub-tropical high pressure and equalizing pressure field). The result shows that the PM concentration increases to different degrees under the three synoptic patterns.

Differences in concentration and source apportionment of PM between 2006 and 2015 over the PRD region in southern China.

During China's 11th Five Year Plan (FYP) and 12th FYP (2006-2015), a series of air pollution control measures was implemented in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Therefore, it is vital to determine how the concentration and sources of fine particulate matter (PM) in this region changed between 2006 and 2015. In this work, using 2006 and 2015 emission inventories, the concentration and source apportionment of PM were simulated using the Weather Research and Forecast - Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (WRF-CAMx) for January, April, July and October in the PRD region.

Analysis of the adverse health effects of PM from 2001 to 2017 in China and the role of urbanization in aggravating the health burden.

In this study, the trend of PM concentrations and its adverse health effects in China from 2001 to 2017 are estimated utilizing 1-km high-resolution annual satellite-retrieved PM data. PM concentrations for most of the provinces/cities remained stable from 2001 to 2012; however, following the issue of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) by the central government of China, a dramatic decrease in PM concentrations from 2013 to 2017 occurred. Premature mortality caused by PM dropped from 1,078,800 in 2014 to 962,900 in 2017.