Different multicellular trichome types coordinate herbivore mechanosensing and defense in tomato.

Herbivore-induced wounding can elicit a defense response in plants. However, whether plants possess a surveillance system capable of detecting herbivore threats and initiating preparatory defenses before wounding occurs remains unclear. In this study, we reveal that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) trichomes can detect and respond to the mechanical stimuli generated by herbivores.

Organocatalytic intramolecular (4 + 2) annulation of enals with ynamides: atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral 7-aryl indolines.

Catalytic enantioselective transformation of alkynes has become a powerful tool for the synthesis of axially chiral molecules. Most of these atroposelective reactions of alkynes rely on transition-metal catalysis, and the organocatalytic approaches are largely limited to special alkynes which act as the precursors of Michael acceptors. Herein, we disclose an organocatalytic atroposelective intramolecular (4 + 2) annulation of enals with ynamides.

Copper-catalyzed enantioselective diyne cyclization C(sp)-O bond cleavage.

The functionalization of etheric C-O bonds C-O bond cleavage is an attractive strategy for the construction of C-C and C-X bonds in organic synthesis. However, these reactions mainly involve C(sp)-O bond cleavage, and a catalyst-controlled highly enantioselective version is extremely challenging. Here, we report a copper-catalyzed asymmetric cascade cyclization C(sp)-O bond cleavage, allowing the divergent and atom-economic synthesis of a range of chromeno[3,4-]pyrroles bearing a triaryl oxa-quaternary carbon stereocenter in high yields and enantioselectivities.

Construction of Axially Chiral Arylpyrroles via Atroposelective Diyne Cyclization.

Axially chiral biaryls widely exist in natural products and pharmaceuticals and are used as chiral ligands and catalysts in asymmetric synthesis. Compared to the well-established axially chiral 6-membered biaryl skeletons, examples of 5-membered biaryls have been quite scarce, and mono-substituted 3-arylpyrrole atropisomers have not been reported. Here, we disclose a copper-catalyzed atroposelective diyne cyclization for the construction of a range of axially chiral arylpyrrole biaryls in good to excellent yields with generally excellent enantioselectivities via oxidation and X-H insertion of vinyl cations.

Effect of albumin and CYP2B6 polymorphisms on exposure of efavirenz: A population pharmacokinetic analysis in Chinese HIV-infected adults.

Background: Efavirenz is a vital component used to treat HIV-1 infection. Nevertheless, it shows large between-subject variability, which affects both its therapeutic response and adverse effects.

Objective: To investigate the impact of gene polymorphisms and non-genetic factors on the variability of efavirenz pharmacokinetics and to propose the optimal dose regimens.

External Evaluation of Vancomycin Population Pharmacokinetic Models at Two Clinical Centers.

Numerous vancomycin population pharmacokinetic models in neonates have been published; however, their predictive performances remain unknown. This study aims to evaluate their external predictability and explore the factors that might affect model performance. Published population pharmacokinetic models in neonates were identified from the literature and evaluated using datasets from two clinical centers, including 171 neonates with a total of 319 measurements of vancomycin levels.

Population pharmacokinetic modeling of pyrotinib in patients with HER2-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer.

Objective: Pyrotinib, a new oral irreversible pan-ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has been approved in China for the treatment of HER2-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer. This study aimed to conduct a population pharmacokinetics (PK) analysis of pyrotinib and to evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on pyrotinib's PK.

Method: A total of 1152 samples, provided by 59 adult female patients from two phase I clinical trials, were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Model Building and Parameter Optimization.

Background: Depending on the renal function of patients and many other influencing factors, studies on vancomycin pharmacokinetics show significant inter- and intra-individual variability. The present study was conducted using a population pharmacokinetics method to investigate the pharmacokinetic parameters and identified their influencing covariates for intravenous vancomycin in adult kidney transplant recipients.

Methods: The drug monitoring data included 56 adult renal transplant recipients who received intravenous vancomycin as prophylactic medication.

[C-reactive protein-guided antibiotic treatment strategy for neonates with suspected early-onset sepsis].

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of C-reactive protein (CRP)-guided antibiotic treatment strategy for neonates with suspected early-onset sepsis (EOS).

Methods: A total of 428 neonates, with a gestational age of >35 weeks, who were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from February to July, 2019 and were suspected of EOS were enrolled as the observation group. The effect of antibiotic treatment was prospectively observed, and if clinical symptoms were improved and CRP was <10 mg/L in two consecutive tests, discontinuation of antibiotics was considered.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin in Chinese ICU Neonates: Initial Dosage Recommendations.

The main goal of our study was to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in critically ill Chinese neonates to develop a pharmacokinetic model and investigate factors that have significant influences on the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in this population. The study population consisted of 80 neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) from which 165 trough and peak concentrations of vancomycin were obtained. Nonlinear mixed effect modeling was used to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for vancomycin.

Amino acid changes in functional domains of latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma of southern China and Taiwan: prevalence of an HLA A2-restricted 'epitope-loss variant'.

Full-length sequences of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gene for latent membrane protein (LMP)-1 from 22 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsy specimens and 18 non-neoplastic counterparts (NPI) were determined. Relative to the B95-8 strain, the amino acid sequences of the toxic-signal and transformation domains were changed variably in NPC and NPI specimens; in contrast, no change was observed in the NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) activation domain. HLA typing revealed that 47 % of NPC and 31 % of NPI specimens were HLA A2-positive.