The role of the family in health promotion: a scoping review of models and mechanisms.

The family is an important contributor to the cultural conditions that support health. Current challenges in family health promotion interventions include programme design that is not always guided by theory and change mechanisms. Multifaceted programmes also make it hard to examine what works for whom, given different family roles and the range of lifestyle behaviour and mechanisms examined within diverse conceptual frameworks and cultures.

The validation of culturally appropriate scales to assess the family health climate in a multi-ethnic Asian population.

Background: The Family Health Climate (FHC) is a family environment attribute postulated to influence the health behaviors of family members. It can be measured by domain scales for physical activity (FHC-PA) and nutrition (FHC-NU), which have been validated and used to identify health climate patterns in families in Western populations. To extend the use of the scales to Asian settings, this study aimed to adapt and validate the instruments for use in the multi-ethnic population of Singapore, accounting for language and cultural differences.

Family Resilience and Psychological Responses to COVID-19: A Study of Concordance and Dyadic Effects in Singapore Households.

The impacts of COVID-19 may be magnified in a shared environment like the household, especially with people spending extended time at home during the pandemic. Family resilience is the ability of a family to adapt to crisis and can be a protective factor against stress and negative affect. While there have been calls to address family resilience during the pandemic, there is a lack of empirical study on its benefit.

Towards a Parsimonious Pathway Model of Modifiable and Mediating Risk Factors Leading to Diabetes Risk.

Modifiable risk factors are of interest for chronic disease prevention. Few studies have assessed the system of modifiable and mediating pathways leading to diabetes mellitus. We aimed to develop a pathway model for Diabetes Risk with modifiable Lifestyle Risk factors as the start point and Physiological Load as the mediator.

The capillary dysfunction hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease.

It is widely accepted that hypoperfusion and changes in capillary morphology are involved in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is difficult to reconcile with the hyperperfusion observed in young high-risk subjects. Differences in the way cerebral blood flow (CBF) is coupled with the local metabolic needs during different phases of the disease can explain this apparent paradox.

Gray matter nulled and vascular space occupancy dependent fMRI response to visual stimulation during hypoxic hypoxia.

Two cerebral blood volume (CBV)-weighted fMRI techniques, gray matter nulled (GMN) and vascular space occupancy (VASO)-dependent techniques at spatial resolution of 2 × 2 × 5 mm(3), were compared in the study investigating functional responses in the human visual cortex to stimulation in normoxia (inspired O(2) = 21%) and mild hypoxic hypoxia (inspired O(2) = 12%). GMN and VASO signals and T(2)* were quantified in activated voxels. While the CBV-weighted signal changes in voxels activated by visual stimulation were similar in amplitude in both fMRI techniques in both oxygenation conditions, the number of activated voxels during hypoxic hypoxia was significantly reduced by 72 ± 22% in GMN fMRI and 66 ± 23% in VASO fMRI.

The BOLD response and vascular reactivity during visual stimulation in the presence of hypoxic hypoxia.

A disproportionate increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) relative to the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)), in response to neuronal activation, results in a decreased oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and hence local 'hyperoxygenation'. The mismatch is the key 'physiological substrate' for blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI. The mismatch may reflect inefficient O(2) diffusion in the brain tissue, a factor requiring maintenance of a steep [O(2)] gradient between capillary bed and neural cell mitochondria.