Protocol for recording physiological signals from the human cerebellum using electroencephalography.

As Purkinje cells of the cerebellum have a very fast firing rate, techniques with high temporal resolution are required to capture cerebellar physiology. Here, we present a protocol to record physiological signals in humans using cerebellar electroencephalography (cEEG). We describe steps for electrode placement and recording.

The cerebellum computes frequency dynamics for motions with numerical precision and cross-individual uniformity.

Cross-individual variability is considered the essence of biology, preventing precise mathematical descriptions of biological motion like the physics law of motion. Here we report that the cerebellum shapes motor kinematics by encoding dynamic motor frequencies with remarkable numerical precision and cross-individual uniformity. Using in-vivo electrophysiology and optogenetics in mice, we confirmed that deep cerebellar neurons encoded frequencies via populational tuning of neuronal firing probabilities, creating cerebellar oscillations and motions with matched frequencies.

Neuronal population activity in the olivocerebellum encodes the frequency of essential tremor in mice and patients.

Essential tremor (ET) is the most prevalent movement disorder, characterized primarily by action tremor, an involuntary rhythmic movement with a specific frequency. However, the neuronal mechanism underlying the coding of tremor frequency remains unexplored. Here, we used in vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics, and simultaneous motion tracking in the mouse model to investigate whether and how neuronal activity in the olivocerebellum determines the frequency of essential tremor.

Effects of and Moluodan on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in mice with precancerous gastric cancer lesions.

Background: () is the primary risk factor for gastric cancer (GC), the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway is closely linked to tumourigenesis. GC has a high mortality rate and treatment cost, and there are no drugs to prevent the progression of gastric precancerous lesions to GC. Therefore, it is necessary to find a novel drug that is inexpensive and preventive to against GC.

[ TMC3115 Promotes Early Life Intestinal Microbiota Building to Alleviate Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease].

Objective: To investigate the effects of using TMC3115 in early life on intestinal microbiota and immune functions and the long-term impact on inflammatory bowel disease.

Methods: Fourteen pregnant BALB/c mice were purchased and 84 newborn BALB/c mice were subsequently obtained. Then, the newborn mice were randomly assigned to a normal saline (NS) group and a TMC3115 group, given via oral gavage normal saline and TMC3115, respectively, at a daily volume of 0.

[Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Typical and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkylated Substances in Tuojiang River Basin].

Forty-eight surface water samples were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in order to study the pollution characteristics and source apportionment of per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in the Tuojiang River. The results showed that ΣPFASs in the Tuojiang River ranged from 12.5-3789 ng·L, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant PFAS, with a concentration of 9.

Revision of the genus Homa Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae).

The leafhopper genus Homa Distant is revised. Four new species, H. osificata Xu, Dietrich Qin sp.

Cerebellar Oscillations in Familial and Sporadic Essential Tremor.

Enhanced cerebellar oscillations have recently been identified in essential tremor (ET) patients as a key pathophysiological change. Since ET is considered a heterogeneous group of diseases, we investigated whether cerebellar oscillations differ in ET subtypes (familial vs. sporadic).

Two new empoascine leafhopper genera, Thaioasca and Mjolnirus, from Thailand (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae), with a checklist of Empoascini in Thailand.

Two new microleafhopper genera of Empoascini, Thaioasca Wang, Xu Qin, gen. nov. and Mjolnirus Wang, Xu Qin, gen.

[Therapeutic effect of scalp acupuncture combined with rehabilitation training on balance dysfunction in children with spastic hemiplegia].

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of scalp acupuncture and rehabilitation training on balance dysfunction in children with spasmodic hemiplegia so as to provide the reference to the optimization of treatment scheme.

Methods: A total of 60 children with spastic hemiplegia were divided into a routine group and a scalp acupuncture group, 30 cases in each one according to random number table. In the routine group, the rehabilitation training was provided, including exercise training, balance training, spasmotherapy apparatus, electromyography biofeedback apparatus and orthoses.

Cerebellar oscillations driven by synaptic pruning deficits of cerebellar climbing fibers contribute to tremor pathophysiology.

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders and the prototypical disorder for abnormal rhythmic movements. However, the pathophysiology of tremor generation in ET remains unclear. Here, we used autoptic cerebral tissue from patients with ET, clinical data, and mouse models to report that synaptic pruning deficits of climbing fiber (CF)-to-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses, which are related to glutamate receptor delta 2 (GluRδ2) protein insufficiency, cause excessive cerebellar oscillations and might be responsible for tremor.

Subchronic Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Lanthanum: A 90-day, Repeated Dose Study in Rats.

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the subchronic toxicity of lanthanum and to determine the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), which is a critical factor in the establishment of an acceptable dietary intake (ADI).

Methods: In accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) testing guidelines, lanthanum nitrate was administered once daily by gavage to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at dose levels of 0, 1.5, 6.

Reversible preoperative renal dysfunction does not add to the risk of postoperative acute kidney injury after cardiac valve surgery.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of the renal dysfunction (RD) type and change of postoperative cardiac function on the risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients who underwent cardiac valve surgery.

Method: Reversible renal dysfunction (RRD) was defined as preoperative RD in patients who had not been initially diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cardiac function improvement (CFI) was defined as postoperative left ventricular ejection function - preoperative left ventricular ejection function (ΔEF) >0%, and cardiac function not improved (CFNI) as ΔEF ≤0%.

High-dose versus low-dose haemofiltration for the treatment of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of high-dose versus low-dose haemofiltration on the survival of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). We hypothesised that high-dose treatments are not associated with a higher risk of mortality.

Design: Meta-analysis.

Subchronic toxicity study of yttrium nitrate by 90-day repeated oral exposure in rats.

Concerns regarding the adverse effects of long-term exposure to low levels of rare earth elements (REEs) from foods on human health have arisen in recent years. Nevertheless, no official acceptable daily intake (ADI) has yet been proposed for either total REEs or individual REE. In accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) testing guideline, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the subchronic toxicity of yttrium, a representative heavy REE with higher contaminated level in foods in China, to achieve a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) which is a critical basis for the establishment of an ADI.

AMPK activator acadesine fails to alleviate isoniazid-caused mitochondrial instability in HepG2 cells.

Isoniazid (INH) is a first-line antituberculosis drug that is adversely associated with hepatotoxicity. Recently, impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis involved in this side effect has been noticed. Mitochondrial homeostasis is achieved by the balance between the generation of functional mitochondria by biogenesis and elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria by autophagy.

Silica nanoparticles and lead acetate co-exposure triggered synergistic cytotoxicity in A549 cells through potentiation of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis induction.

The adverse effects of PM2.5 are the results of combined toxicities of finer particles and their adsorbed toxic pollutants. Nevertheless, the combined toxicity of finer particles and air pollutants still remains unclear.

Metallothionein protects against isoniazid-induced liver injury through the inhibition of CYP2E1-dependent oxidative and nitrosative impairment in mice.

Oxidative stress mediated by hepatic CYP2E1 during isoniazid (INH) metabolism is considered responsible for INH hepatotoxicity. This study attempts to determine whether metallothionein (MT), a cysteine-rich antioxidant can protect against INH-induced liver injury by using a MT-I/II deficient mouse model (MT-/- mice). MT-/- mice and the corresponding wild-type mice received intragastric administrations of 0, 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg of INH for 15 days.

Significance of perioperative goal-directed hemodynamic approach in preventing postoperative complications in patients after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

Purpose: Goal-directed hemodynamic therapy (GDT) is used to prevent hypoperfusion resulting from surgery. The objective of this study was to analyze the efficacy and importance of perioperative GDT.

Methods: PUBMED, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar databases were searched until 17 June 2016 using the search terms: cardiac output, cardiac surgical procedures, hemodynamics, goal-directed therapy, and intraoperative.

Neuronal firing patterns outweigh circuitry oscillations in parkinsonian motor control.

Neuronal oscillations at beta frequencies (20-50 Hz) in the cortico-basal ganglia circuits have long been the leading theory for bradykinesia, the slow movements that are cardinal symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). The beta oscillation theory helped to drive a frequency-based design in the development of deep brain stimulation therapy for PD. However, in contrast to this theory, here we have found that bradykinesia can be completely dissociated from beta oscillations in rodent models.

Prepubertal exposure to an oestrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone induces central precocious puberty in immature female rats through the mechanism of premature activation of hypothalamic kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling.

Sporadic epidemics and several researches in rodents indicated that zearalenone (ZEA) and its metabolites, the prevailing oestrogenic mycotoxins in foodstuffs, were a triggering factor for true precocious puberty development in girls. Nevertheless, the neuroendocrine mechanism through which ZEA mycoestrogens advance puberty onset is not fully understood. To elucidate this issue, hypothalamic kisspeptin-G-protein coupled receptor-54 (GPR54) signaling pathway that regulates the onset of puberty was focused on in the present study.

Induction of protective autophagy against apoptosis in HepG2 cells by isoniazid independent of the p38 signaling pathway.

Isoniazid (INH), one of the first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, is adversely associated with hepatotoxicity in the clinic. However, the detailed mechanism of this side effect is still unclear. The traditional theory that cytochrome P450 2E1 is involved in INH-induced hepatotoxicity remains controversial, therefore other mechanisms by which INH exerts hepatotoxicity need to be investigated.

Delay of the onset of puberty in female rats by prepubertal exposure to T-2 toxin.

Growing evidence has revealed the deleterious influence of environmental and food contaminants on puberty onset and development in both animals and children, provoking an increasing health concern. T-2 toxin, a naturally-produced Type A trichothecene mycotoxin which is frequently found in cereal grains and products intended for human and animal consumption, has been shown to impair the reproduction and development in animals. Nevertheless, whether this trichothecene mycotoxin can disturb the onset of puberty in females remains unclear.

Combined exposure to nano-silica and lead induced potentiation of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human lung epithelial cells.

Growing evidence has confirmed that exposure to ambient particulate matters (PM) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Ambient PM is a complex mixture of particles and air pollutants. Harmful effects of PM are specifically associated with ultrafine particles (UFPs) that can adsorb high concentrations of toxic air pollutants and are easily inhaled into the lungs.

Role of moesin in renal fibrosis.

Background: Renal fibrosis is the final common pathway of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Moesin is a member of Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) protein family but its role in renal fibrosis is not clear.

Method: Human proximal tubular cells (HK-2) were stimulated with or without TGF-β1.