To achieve the most efficient, all-exciton-harvesting organic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for biosensing, aqueous thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF)-ECL (aqueous TADF-ECL) was successfully launched to provide a breakthrough for the theoretical ECL efficiency limitation of aqueous fluorescence ECL (aqueous FL-ECL). However, achieving efficient TADF emitters suitable for aqueous TADF-ECL remains challenging. A previous strategy relied on TADF small molecular nanoparticles (NPs).
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