Copper (Cu) is currently the dominant interconnect material in back-end-of-line processes due to its low bulk resistivity (ρ). Unfortunately, its resistivity increases significantly at small dimensions due to a long electron mean free path (EMFP, λ) of 39 nm, which leads to enhanced electron scattering at grain boundaries and surfaces, thereby limiting high-density integration. In this study, we demonstrate that single-phase hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) nickel-cobalt (NiCo) alloy thin films exhibit a significantly reduced resistivity size effect, outperforming Cu interconnect material for thicknesses below 8 nm (19.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExcessive release of inflammatory cytokines has been considered as a major cause of chronic inflammation, resulting in intestinal barrier disruption that leads to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is one of the well-known inflammatory cytokines that activates formation of NLRP3 inflammasome, thus resulting in excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines causing IBD. Although immunoproteasome inhibitors have been reported to inhibit inflammatory cytokine release, immunoproteasome inhibition has not yet been addressed for attenuation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity in intestinal epithelial cell.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: To take advantages, such as multiplex capacity, non-photobleaching property, and high sensitivity, of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based in vivo imaging, development of highly enhanced SERS nanoprobes in near-infrared (NIR) region is needed. A well-controlled morphology and biocompatibility are essential features of NIR SERS nanoprobes. Gold (Au)-assembled nanostructures with controllable nanogaps with highly enhanced SERS signals within multiple hotspots could be a breakthrough.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDysregulation of inflammation induced by noninfectious stress conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, causes tissue damage and intestinal permeability, resulting in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases. We studied the effect of autophagy on cytokine secretion related to intestinal permeability under nutrient deprivation. Autophagy removes NLRP3 inflammasomes via ubiquitin-mediated degradation under starvation.
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