Tissues and mechanisms associated with Verticillium wilt resistance in tomato using bi-grafted near-isogenic lines.

Host resistance is the primary means to control Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne pathogen causing major losses on a broad range of plants, including tomato. The tissues and mechanisms responsible for resistance remain obscure. In the field, resistant tomato used as rootstocks does not confer resistance.

Soybean Cyst Nematodes Influence Aboveground Plant Volatile Signals Prior to Symptom Development.

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), , is one of the most destructive soybean pests worldwide. Unlike many diseases, SCN doesn't show above ground evidence of disease until several weeks after infestation. Knowledge of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) related to pests and pathogens of foliar tissue is extensive, however, information related to above ground VOCs in response to root damage is lacking.

Comparative Genome Analyses of 18 Tomato Isolates Reveals Phylogenetic and Race Specific Signatures.

Host resistance is one of the few strategies available to combat the soil borne pathogenic fungus Understanding pathogen diversity in populations is key to successfully deploying host resistance. In this study the genomes of 18 isolates of races 1 ( = 2), 2 ( = 4), and 3 ( = 12) from Japan, California, and North Carolina were sequenced and mapped to the reference genome of JR2 (from tomato). The genomes were analyzed for phylogenetic and pathogen specific signatures to classify specific strains or genes for future research.

Opportunities and Challenges in Studies of Host-Pathogen Interactions and Management of in Tomatoes.

Tomatoes ( L.) are a valuable horticultural crop that are grown and consumed worldwide. Optimal production is hindered by several factors, among which , the cause of Verticillium wilt, is considered a major biological constraint in temperate production regions.

Dynamic Changes in the Microbiome of Rice During Shoot and Root Growth Derived From Seeds.

Microbes form close associations with host plants including rice as both surface (epiphytes) and internal (endophytes) inhabitants. Yet despite rice being one of the most important cereal crops agriculturally and economically, knowledge of its microbiome, particularly core inhabitants and any functional properties bestowed is limited. In this study, the microbiome in rice seedlings derived directly from seeds was identified, characterized and compared to the microbiome of the seed.

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Wild Type and Mutant Lacking an SCF E3 Ligase F-Box Protein in .

() is a pathogenic, filamentous fungus that is a primary cause of rice blast disease. The protein MGG_13065, SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex F-box protein, has been identified as playing a crucial role in the infection process, specifically, as part of the ubiquitin mediated proteolysis pathway. Proteins targeted by MGG_13065 E3 ligase are first phosphorylated and then ubiquitinated by E3 ligase.

Investigating host-pathogen meta-metabolic interactions of Magnaporthe oryzae infected barley using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry imaging is a useful tool for identifying important meta-metabolomic features pertinent for enhancing our understanding of biological systems. Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is a filamentous fungus that is the primary cause of rice blast disease.

Sequential Phosphopeptide Enrichment for Phosphoproteome Analysis of Filamentous Fungi: A Test Case Using Magnaporthe oryzae.

A number of challenges have to be overcome to identify a complete complement of phosphorylated proteins, the phosphoproteome, from cells and tissues. Phosphorylated proteins are typically of low abundance and moreover, the proportion of phosphorylated sites on a given protein is generally low. The challenge is further compounded when the tissue from which protein can be recovered is limited.

Comparative proteomic analysis between nitrogen supplemented and starved conditions in .

Background: Fungi are constantly exposed to nitrogen limiting environments, and thus the efficient regulation of nitrogen metabolism is essential for their survival, growth, development and pathogenicity. To understand how the rice blast pathogen copes with limited nitrogen availability, a global proteome analysis under nitrogen supplemented and nitrogen starved conditions was completed.

Methods: strain 70-15 was cultivated in liquid minimal media and transferred to media with nitrate or without a nitrogen source.

Current Status of Early Blight Resistance in Tomato: An Update.

Early blight (EB) is one of the dreadful diseases of tomato caused by several species of including (which includes and ), as well as In some instances, annual economic yield losses due to EB have been estimated at 79%. are known only to reproduce asexually, but a highly-virulent isolate has the potential to overcome existing resistance genes. Currently, cultural practices and fungicide applications are employed for the management of EB due to the lack of strong resistant cultivars.

Identification and characterization of suppressors of plant cell death (SPD) effectors from Magnaporthe oryzae.

Phytopathogenic microorganisms, including the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, secrete a myriad of effector proteins to facilitate infection. Utilizing the transient expression of candidate effectors in the leaves of the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana, we identified 11 suppressors of plant cell death (SPD) effectors from M. oryzae that were able to block the host cell death reaction induced by Nep1.

Phosphoproteome Analysis Links Protein Phosphorylation to Cellular Remodeling and Metabolic Adaptation during Magnaporthe oryzae Appressorium Development.

The rice pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, undergoes a complex developmental process leading to formation of an appressorium prior to plant infection. In an effort to better understand phosphoregulation during appressorium development, a mass spectrometry based phosphoproteomics study was undertaken. A total of 2924 class I phosphosites were identified from 1514 phosphoproteins from mycelia, conidia, germlings, and appressoria of the wild type and a protein kinase A (PKA) mutant.

Temporal analysis of the magnaporthe oryzae proteome during conidial germination and cyclic AMP (cAMP)-mediated appressorium formation.

Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most serious threats to global rice production. During the earliest stages of rice infection, M. oryzae conidia germinate on the leaf surface and form a specialized infection structure termed the appressorium.

In-depth analysis of the Magnaporthe oryzae conidial proteome.

The filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is the causative agent of rice blast disease and presents a significant threat to worldwide rice production. To establish the groundwork for future research on the pathogenic development of M.

Polyubiquitin is required for growth, development and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.

Protein ubiquitination, which is highly selective, regulates many important biological processes including cellular differentiation and pathogenesis in eukaryotic cells. Here, we integrated pharmacological, molecular and proteomic approaches to explore the role of ubiquitination in Magnaporthe oryzae, the leading fungal disease of rice world-wide. Inhibition of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis using the 26S proteasome inhibitor, Bortezomib, significantly attenuated conidia germination, appressorium formation and pathogenicity in M.

Diverse and tissue-enriched small RNAs in the plant pathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae.

Background: Emerging knowledge of the impact of small RNAs as important cellular regulators has prompted an explosion of small transcriptome sequencing projects. Although significant progress has been made towards small RNA discovery and biogenesis in higher eukaryotes and other model organisms, knowledge in simple eukaryotes such as filamentous fungi remains limited.

Results: Here, we used 454 pyrosequencing to present a detailed analysis of the small RNA transcriptome (~ 15 - 40 nucleotides in length) from mycelia and appressoria tissues of the rice blast fungal pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae.

Genome-wide characterization of methylguanosine-capped and polyadenylated small RNAs in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.

Small RNAs are well described in higher eukaryotes such as mammals and plants; however, knowledge in simple eukaryotes such as filamentous fungi is limited. In this study, we discovered and characterized methylguanosine-capped and polyadenylated small RNAs (CPA-sRNAs) by using differential RNA selection, full-length cDNA cloning and 454 transcriptome sequencing of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. This fungus causes blast, a devastating disease on rice, the principle food staple for over half the world's population.

Combining ChIP-chip and expression profiling to model the MoCRZ1 mediated circuit for Ca/calcineurin signaling in the rice blast fungus.

Significant progress has been made in defining the central signaling networks in many organisms, but collectively we know little about the downstream targets of these networks and the genes they regulate. To reconstruct the regulatory circuit of calcineurin signal transduction via MoCRZ1, a Magnaporthe oryzae C2H2 transcription factor activated by calcineurin dephosphorylation, we used a combined approach of chromatin immunoprecipitation - chip (ChIP-chip), coupled with microarray expression studies. One hundred forty genes were identified as being both a direct target of MoCRZ1 and having expression concurrently differentially regulated in a calcium/calcineurin/MoCRZ1 dependent manner.

Transcriptome analysis reveals new insight into appressorium formation and function in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.

Background: Rice blast disease is caused by the filamentous Ascomycetous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and results in significant annual rice yield losses worldwide. Infection by this and many other fungal plant pathogens requires the development of a specialized infection cell called an appressorium. The molecular processes regulating appressorium formation are incompletely understood.