Astaxanthin Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative and Inflammatory Damage to Bone Marrow and to Bone Marrow-Retained Stem Cells and Restores Normal Hematopoiesis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Hyperglycemia has various adverse health effects, some of which are due to chronic oxidative and inflammatory impairment of bone marrow (BM), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Astaxanthin (ASTX) has been shown to ameliorate hyperglycemia-associated systemic complications and acute mortality, and this effect is partially associated with restoration of normal hematopoiesis. Here, the effects of ASTX on diabetes-induced complications in BM and BM stem cells were investigated, and the underlying molecular mechanisms were elucidated.