Augmentation of DNA exonuclease TREX1 in macrophages as a therapy for cardiac ischemic injury.

Unlabelled: Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as bioactive. Here we report the development of TY1, a synthetic ncRNA bioinspired by a naturally-occurring human small Y RNA with immunomodulatory properties. TY1 upregulates TREX1, an exonuclease that rapidly degrades cytosolic DNA.

Chicken miR-148a-3p regulates immune responses against AIV by targeting the MAPK signalling pathway and IFN-γ.

MicroRNAs are involved in the immune systems of host animals and play essential roles in several immune-related pathways. In the current study, we investigated the systemic biological function of the chicken miRNA gga-miR-148a-3p on immune responses in chicken lines resistant and susceptible to HPAIV-H5N1. We found that gga-miR-148a expression in the lung tissue of H5N1-resistant chickens was significantly downregulated during HPAIV-H5N1 infection.

MicroRNA expression profiling in the lungs of genetically different Ri chicken lines against the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus.

The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus triggers infectious diseases, resulting in pulmonary damage and high mortality in domestic poultry worldwide. This study aimed to analyze miRNA expression profiles after infection with the HPAI H5N1 virus in resistant and susceptible lines of Ri chickens.For this purpose, resistant and susceptible lines of Vietnamese Ri chicken were used based on the A/G allele of and genes.

HPAI-resistant Ri chickens exhibit elevated antiviral immune-related gene expression.

Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is an extremely contagious and high mortality rates in chickens resulting in substantial economic impact on the poultry sector. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of HPAIV for infection control.

Objective: Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) can effectively avoid the limitations of subjective screening for differential gene expression.

Exosome-mediated delivery of gga-miR-20a-5p regulates immune response of chicken macrophages by targeting IFNGR2, MAPK1, MAP3K5, and MAP3K14.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the target genes of gga-miR-20a-5p and the regulated immune responses in the chicken macrophage cell line, HD11, by the exosome-mediated delivery of miR-20a-5p.

Methods: Exosomes were purified from the chicken macrophage cell line HD11. Then, mimic gga-miR-20p or negative control miRNA were internalized into HD11 exosomes.

Small RNA sequencing and profiling of serum-derived exosomes from African swine fever virus-infected pigs.

African swine fever (ASF) virus (ASFV) is responsible for one of the most severe swine diseases worldwide, with a morbidity rate of up to 100%; no vaccines or antiviral medicines are available against the virus. Exosomal miRNAs from individual cells can regulate the immune response to infectious diseases. In this study, pigs were infected with an ASFV Pig/HN/07 strain that was classified as acute form, and exosomal miRNA expression in the serum of infected pigs was analyzed using small RNA sequencing (small RNA-seq).

Genome‑wide identification, organization, and expression profiles of the chicken fibroblast growth factor genes in public databases and Vietnamese indigenous Ri chickens against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection.

Objective: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play critical roles in embryo development, and immune responses to infectious diseases. In this study, to investigate the roles of FGFs, we performed genome-wide identification, expression, and functional analyses of FGF family members in chickens.

Methods: Chicken FGFs genes were identified and analyzed by using bioinformatics approach.

Comparative analysis of exosomal miRNAs derived from lipopolysaccharide and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-stimulated chicken macrophage cell line.

Exosomes play important roles in cellular communication by delivering exosomal proteins and nucleic acid molecules to cells. In particular, exosomal miRNAs can modulate various biological processes in recipient cells by repressing target gene expression. In this study, to identify the composition of exosomal miRNAs and their regulatory mechanisms against bacterial and viral infections, profiles of exosomal miRNAs from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))-stimulated chicken macrophage cell line (HD11) were analyzed by small RNA sequencing.

Profiling and analysis of exosomal miRNAs derived from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1-infected White Leghorn chickens.

Exosomes are small cell membrane-derived vesicles; they play important roles as mediators of cell-to-cell communication via delivery of their contents, such as proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs). In particular, exosomal miRNAs regulate the gene expression of recipient cells by inhibiting the expression of target mRNAs. In this study, we investigated the miRNA expression profiles of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1-infected White Leghorn chickens and analyzed the functions of their target genes.

Influenza A pathway analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection in genetically disparate Ri chicken lines.

Influenza A/H5N1 virus is a highly pathogenic (HPAIV) and contagious zoonotic virus that can be transmitted to humans. In the present study, infection with this virus and differential gene expression analyses were carried out with genetically resistant and susceptible Ri chicken lines that are native to Vietnam. A total of 20 four-week-old Ri chickens from each line were inoculated with the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (5 chickens/group).

Exosomes from H5N1 avian influenza virus-infected chickens regulate antiviral immune responses of chicken immune cells.

Exosomes (membrane-derived vesicles) enable intracellular communication by delivering lipids, proteins, DNA, and RNA from one cell to another. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 causes considerable economic loss in the poultry industry and poses a public health concern. The host innate immune system defends against H5N1 infection by activating antiviral immune responses.

The highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus induces the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in the trachea of two Ri chicken lines.

Objective: The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a threat to the poultry industry and economy and remains a potential source of pandemic infection in humans. Antiviral genes are considered a potential factor for studies on HPAIV resistance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated gene expression related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway by comparing non-infected, HPAI-infected resistant, and susceptible Ri chicken lines.

Cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions in the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus-infected lungs of genetically disparate Ri chicken lines.

Objective: The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a threat to the poultry industry as well as the economy and remains a potential source of pandemic infection in humans. Antiviral genes are considered a potential factor for HPAIV resistance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated gene expression related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions by comparing resistant and susceptible Ri chicken lines for avian influenza virus infection.

Immunomodulatory effects of poly(I:C)-stimulated exosomes derived from chicken macrophages.

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that contain proteins and nucleic acids derived from secretory cells and mediate intracellular communication. Immune cell-derived exosomes regulate immune responses and gene expression of recipient cells. Macrophages recognize viral dsRNA via Toll-like receptor 3, thereby inducing the activation of transcription factors such as interferon regulatory factor 3 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB).

Exosomal miRNA profiling from H5N1 avian influenza virus-infected chickens.

Exosomes are membrane vesicles containing proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA, and micro RNA (miRNA). Exosomal miRNA from donor cells can regulate the gene expression of recipient cells. Here, Ri chickens were divided into resistant (Mx/A; BF2/B21) and susceptible (Mx/G; BF2/B13) trait by genotyping of Mx and BF2 genes.

Exosomes of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated chicken macrophages modulate immune response through the MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Exosomes are small membrane-extracellular vesicles produced from multivesicular bodies and play a role in cell-to-cell signaling. Exosomes from immune cells can regulate immune responses of recipient cells by releasing their contents. In the immune system, macrophages recognize lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of gram-negative bacteria by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and intracellular pathways, such as NF-κB pathway, are activated, inducing proinflammatory cytokine expression.

Chicken avian β-defensin 8 modulates immune response via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in a chicken macrophage cell line.

Defensins are antimicrobial peptides composed of 3 conserved disulfide bridges, a β-sheet, and both hydrophobic and cationic amino acids. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the immunomodulation role of avian β-defensin 8 (AvBD8) in a chicken macrophage cell line. Chicken AvBD8 stimulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, interferon gamma, and IL-12p40) and chemokines (CCL4, CXCL13, and CCL20) in macrophages.

Immunomodulatory effects of avian β-defensin 5 in chicken macrophage cell line.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) protect host from pathogens as first line of defense. Especially, β-defensins shows antimicrobial activity and immune modulation effects. Avian species also have β-defensins as avian β-defensins (AvBDs) from AvBD1 to AvBD14.

Interleukin-dependent modulation of the expression of MHC class I and MHC class II genes in chicken HD11 cells.

Interleukins (ILs) regulate cell surface antigens known as activation markers, which have distinct functional roles. However, the regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, MHC class II, and related genes by cytokines in chickens is not well understood. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of certain recently discovered chicken interleukins-i.

MicroRNA gga-miR-200a-3p modulates immune response via MAPK signaling pathway in chicken afflicted with necrotic enteritis.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that contribute to host immune response as post-transcriptional regulation. The current study investigated the biological role of the chicken (Gallus gallus) microRNA-200a-3p (gga-miR-200a-3p), using 2 necrotic enteritis (NE) afflicted genetically disparate chicken lines, 6.3 and 7.

MicroRNA gga-miR-10a-mediated transcriptional regulation of the immune genes in necrotic enteritis afflicted chickens.

miRNAs are involved in both adaptive and innate immune systems of host animals; and play important roles in many immune-related pathways. The systemic biological roles of gga-miR-10a-5p chicken microRNA on immune response were investigated in two necrotic enteritis (NE) induced chicken lines, Marek's disease (MD) resistant (line 6.3) and susceptible (line 7.

Characterization and functional analyses of novel chicken leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B members 4 and 5.

The inhibitory leukocyte immuno-globulin-like receptors (LILRBs) play an important role in innate immunity. Currently, no data exist regarding the role of LILRB4 and LILRB5 in the activation of immune signaling pathways in mammalian and avian species. Here, we report for the first time, the cloning and structural and functional analyses of chicken LILRB4-5 genes identified from 2 genetically disparate chicken lines.

Identification and expression analysis of alpha tocopherol transfer protein in chickens fed diets containing different concentrations of alpha-tocopherol.

Among the eight forms of vitamin E, the liver preferentially releases α-tocopherol into the circulation and it is distributed to the non-liver tissues. In the hepatocytes, alpha tocopherol transfer protein (TTPA) specifically recognizes α-tocopherol with 2R-configuration and facilitates its intracellular transfer. The identification and characterization of TTPA expression have not been demonstrated in avian species.