People Who Self-Reported Testing HIV-Positive but Tested HIV-Negative: A Multi-Country Puzzle of Data, Serology, and Ethics, 2015-2021.

During population-based HIV impact assessments (PHIAs), some participants who self-reported testing HIV-positive (PSRP) tested negative in one or more subsequent survey HIV tests. These unexpected discrepancies between their self-reported results and the survey results draw into question the validity of either the self-reported status or the test results. We analyzed PSRP with negative test results aged 15-59 years old using data collected from 2015 to 2021 in 13 countries, assessing prevalence, self-report status, survey HIV status, viral load, rapid tests and confirmatory tests, and answers to follow-up questions (such as years on treatment).

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in people living with HIV in South Sudan.

Objectives: The burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in South Sudan is unknown.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence survey of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies and other diseases of public health importance (strongyloidiasis, toxoplasmosis) in PLHIV in South Sudan during April 1, 2020-April 30, 2022. We used a multiplex SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay to detect IgG antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike, receptor binding domain, and nucelocapsid (N) proteins, and antigens for other pathogens ().

Phyllanretiosides A and B: Two Undescribed Compounds from Phyllanthus Reticulatus with Nitric Oxide Production Inhibition and Antimicrobial Activity.

Phytochemical study on the methanol extract of the leaves of Phyllanthus reticulatus led to the isolation of two new compounds, phyllanretiosides A (1) and B (2) together with ten known ones (3-12). Their chemical structures were determined by HR-ESI-MS, NMR, and ECD spectra in comparison with the literature. Three ellagitannins, phyllanretioside A (1), corilagin (3), and phyllanthusiin C (4) inhibited lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.

Prognostic values of serum lactate-to-bicarbonate ratio and lactate for predicting 28-day in-hospital mortality in children with dengue shock syndrome.

This study aimed to assess the clinical utility of blood lactate-to-bicarbonate (L/B) ratio, as a prognostic factor for 28-day in-hospital mortality in children with dengue shock syndrome (DSS), admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). This single-center retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary children hospital in southern Vietnam from 2013 to mid-2022. Prognostic models for DSS mortality were developed, using a predefined set of covariates in the first 24 hours of PICU admission.

Antibiotic prescribing practices of medical doctors in a resource-limited setting and the influence of individual perceptions and stewardship support: a survey in three tertiary hospitals in Vietnam.

Objectives: To understand antibiotic prescribing and influencing factors to inform antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions to reduce unwanted consequences of antibiotic use in hospitals in Vietnam, a lower-middle-income country in Asia.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of doctors at three tertiary hospitals using non-probability convenience sampling, through a paper-based (Hospitals 1 and 2) or electronic (Hospital 3) survey. Questions included items on perceptions regarding antibiotic resistance and AMS, prescribing practices, knowledge, demographics and training.

Brief Report: Self-Reported HIV-Positive Status but Subsequent HIV-Negative Test Results in Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Survey Participants-11 Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2015-2018.

Background: HIV testing is a critical step to accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART) because early diagnosis can facilitate earlier initiation of ART. This study presents aggregated data of individuals who self-reported being HIV-positive but subsequently tested HIV-negative during nationally representative Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment surveys conducted in 11 countries from 2015 to 2018.

Method: Survey participants aged 15 years or older were interviewed by trained personnel using a standard questionnaire to determine HIV testing history and self-reported HIV status.

Undescribed Triterpenes from the Leaves of Syzygium myrsinifolium with Their α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition Activity.

Two undescribed triterpenes, syzyfolium A (1) and syzyfolium B (2), together with twelve known compounds, terminolic acid (3), actinidic acid (4), piscidinol A (5), threo-dihydroxydehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (6), lariciresinol-4-O-β-D-glucoside (7), icariol A (8), 14β,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone (9), garcimangosone D (10), (+)-catechin (11), myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (12), quercitrin (13), and 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl-(6'-O-galloyl)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (14) were isolated from the leaves of Syzygium myrsinifolium. Their chemical structures were determined by IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Compounds 3 and 4 inhibited significantly α-glucosidase with IC values of 23.

Four Undescribed compounds Isolated from the Aerial Parts of Phyllanthus cochinchinensis with Antimicrobial Activity and NO Production Inhibitory Activity in LPS Activated RAW 264.7 Cells.

Four previously undescribed compounds named phyllancosides A and B (1 and 2), and phyllancochines A and B (3 and 4) together with ten known compounds (5-14) were isolated from the aerial parts of Phyllanthus cochinchinensis Spreng. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive analysis of IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra.

Four New Steroidal Saponins from the Roots of Dracaena cambodiana with NO Production Inhibition Activity in LPS Activated RAW 264.7 Cells.

Seven steroidal saponins including three new 16,23-cyclocholestanes (1-3) and one new pregane (4) were isolated from the roots of Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep. Their chemical structures were elucidated to be (23R,25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-16,23-cyclocholesta-5,17(20)-dien-22-one-3β,16α,26-triol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), (23R,25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-16,23-cyclocholesta-5,17,20(22)-trien-3β,22,26-triol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), (23R,25R)-16,23-cyclocholesta-5,16,20(22)-trien-3β,22,26-triol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 3β-[(O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-gluco-pyranosyl)oxy]-pregna-5,17(20)-diene-16-one-20-carboxylic acid 4''''-O-β-D-glucopyranosylisopentyl ester (4), cambodianoside A (5), diosbulbiside C (6), and diosbulbiside D (7), by IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Compounds 1 and 4-7 inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide activated RAW 264.

Associations of obesity and dengue-associated mortality, acute liver failure and mechanical ventilation in children with dengue shock syndrome.

Dengue-associated complications, including dengue shock syndrome, severe respiratory distress, and pediatric acute liver failure (PALF), are associated with high mortality rates in patients with dengue. There is increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among children worldwide. Obesity may activate inflammatory mediators, leading to increased capillary permeability and plasma leakage in patients with dengue.

Risk Factors for Recent HIV Infections among Adults in 14 Countries in Africa Identified by Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Surveys, 2015-2019.

Identifying persons who have newly acquired HIV infections is critical for characterizing the HIV epidemic direction. We analyzed pooled data from nationally representative Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment surveys conducted across 14 countries in Africa for recent infection risk factors. We included adults 15-49 years of age who had sex during the previous year and used a recent infection testing algorithm to distinguish recent from long-term infections.

Three Undescribed Iridoid Derivatives Isolated from the Fruits of Vitex trifolia with Their Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities.

Vitex trifolia L. is a medicinal plant and widely distributed in the northern mountainous areas of Vietnam. Phytochemical study on the fruits of this plant led to the isolation of nine iridoid derivatives (1-9) including three undescribed compounds (1-3).

Effects of a low-iodine diet in post-thyroidectomy thyroid cancer patients undergoing I therapy at the Vietnam National Cancer Hospital.

I therapy is regarded as an "internal surgery" (i.e., a non-invasive approach involving no incision or bleeding) that supports "external surgery" (i.

Point of Care CD4 Testing in National Household Surveys - Results and Quality Indicators from Eleven Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) Surveys.

Population-based HIV Impact Assessments (PHIAs) are national household (HH) surveys that provide HIV diagnosis and CD4 testing with an immediate return of results. Accurate CD4 results improve HIV-positive participants' clinical care and inform the effectiveness of HIV programs. Here, we present CD4 results from the PHIA surveys that were conducted in 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2015 and 2018.

Glycoside constituents of and their -glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Four new glycosides, named amplexicosides A-D (-), and five known compounds: benzyl 2-[-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)--D-glucopyranosyloxy]-benzoate (), benzyl 2-neohesperidosyloxy-6-hydroxybenzoate (), chrysandroside A (), chrysandroside B () and camelliquercetiside C () were isolated from the branches and leaves of (Pit.) Cohen-Stuart. Their structures were elucidated using HR-ESI-MS and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra and compared to reported NMR data.

Prevalence of and factors associated with late diagnosis of HIV in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe: Results from population-based nationally representative surveys.

Introduction: Late diagnosis of HIV (LD) increases the risk of morbidity, mortality, and HIV transmission. We used nationally representative data from population-based HIV impact assessment (PHIA) surveys in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (2015-2016) to characterize adults at risk of LD and to examine associations between LD and presumed HIV transmission to cohabiting sexual partners.

Methods: We estimated the prevalence of LD, defined as CD4 count <350 cells/μL, among adults newly diagnosed with HIV during the surveys and odds ratios for associated factors.

Achyranbidens A-C: three new compounds from Blume.

Phytochemical study on the roots of Blume led to the isolation of sixteen compounds including three new ones (). Their chemical structures were determined as oleanolic acid 28---D-glucopyranoside-3--[-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)--D-galactopyranoside) (), methyl (8,11)-5,6,7-trihydroxytetradeca-8,11-dienoate (), methyl (6,11)-5,8,9-trihydroxytetradeca-6,11-dienoate (), fulgidic acid (), (9,11)-13-oxooctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid (), (9,11,15)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoic acid (), oleanolic acid 28---D-glucopyranoside-3---L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)--D-glucuronopyranoside (), oleanolic acid 28---D-glucopyranoside-3---Dglucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]--D-glucuronopyranoside (), oleanolic acid 3---Dglucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]--D-glucuronopyranoside (), oleanolic acid 3---L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)--D-glucuronopyranoside (), blumenol C glucoside (), citroside A (), 6,9-roseoside (), ginsenoside Rg1 (), 20-hydroxyecdysone (), and benzyl -L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)]--D-glucopyranoside () by spectroscopic analysis. Compounds , and inhibited NO production in LPS-activated RAW264.

The Effects of Nutrition Intervention on Postoperative Patients with Tongue Cancer and Floor of Mouth Cancer.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of intensive nutrition support on patients with tongue cancer and floor of mouth cancer after surgery at K Hospital, Tan Trieu campus. Study the clinical intervention with a control group. We conducted the intensive nutrition intervention for our patients by giving counseling materials, sample menu and nutritional supplements, while the control group had only advice about dietary regimens.

Phytochemical constituents from (Thunb.) Hyl. and their nitric oxide production inhibitory activities.

A new megastigmane glycoside, (3,47-megastigma-5,7-diene-9-one-3,4-diol 3-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)--D-glucopyranoside () and a new cyanogenic glycosyl derivative, ()-2-(6'rosmarinoyl--D-glucopyranosyloxy)-phenylacetonitrile () were isolated from the methanol extract of the together with twelve known compounds, 1-D-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxy-4-allylbenzene (), citrusin C (), 1,2-di-D-glucopyranosyl-4-allylbenzene (), manglieside B (), 4-allyl-2-hydroxyphenyl 1-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)--D-glucopyranoside (), (-)-isolariciresinol 3α--D-glucopyranoside (), 7,8-threo-4,7,9-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-84'-neolignan-9'-D-glucopyranoside (), 7,8-threo-4,7,9,9'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-84'-neolignan-9'-D-glucopyranoside (), cedrusin-4-D-glucopyranoside (), icariside E (), everlastoside L () and rosmarinic acid (). Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basic of extensive 1D and 2D-NMR experiments, as well as their mass spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of the compounds and were successfully indicated by both theoretical and calculated CD spectra.

Two new triterpenoid glycosides from and their cytotoxic activity.

Using combined chromatographic methods, two new triterpenoid glycosides, bacopasaponin K () and bacopasaponin L (, along with eight known compounds, bacopaside IV (), bacopaside VII (), bacopasaponin E (), bacoside A (), bacopasaponin F (), bacopasaponin C (), bacopaside I (), and bacopaside II () were isolated from the methanol extract of the . Their structures were elucidated by 1D-, 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis, HR-ESI-MS and comparing with the NMR data reported in the literature. All these compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay.

Furostane Saponins from the Seeds of Allium ramosum and Their Lipid Accumulation Inhibitory Activity.

Three new furostane saponins, ramofurosides A-C (1-3), and two known saponins, fistulosaponin B (4) and (25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1β,3β,26-trihydroxyfurosta-5,20(22)-diene-1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside (5) were isolated from the methanol extract of Allium ramosum seeds. Their structures were identified based on spectroscopic evidence and comparison with those reported in the literature. All compounds were evaluated for reduction of lipid accumulation in HepG2 cell lines.

One new furostane saponin from and lipid accumulation inhibitory activity.

A new furostane saponin, ramosaponin (), and four known furostane saponins, protodioscin (), dehydrotomatoside (), (25 )-26--(-D-glucopyranosyl)-furost-5-ene-3,22,26-triol 3---D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)--D-galactopyranoside (), and anguivioside A () were isolated from the methanol extract of seeds. Their structures were identified based on spectroscopic evidence and comparison with those reported in the literature. All compounds were evaluated for reduction of lipid accumulation in HepG2 cell line.

Depolymerization of Rice Straw Lignin into Value-Added Chemicals in Sub-Supercritical Ethanol.

Depolymerization of lignin is an important step to obtain a lignin monomer for the synthesis of functional chemicals. In the context of more lignin produced from biomass and pulp industry, converting real lignin with low purity is still required more studies. In this study, the influence of solvent composition and reaction parameters such as binary solvents ratio, time, and temperature, the solvent-to-lignin ratio on the depolymerization of rice straw lignin was investigated carefully.