Development and validation of the pain management competency scale for nurses and a nationwide survey of Chinese nurses.

Background: Nurses' competency in pain management is essential for effectively alleviating patients' acute pain, controlling chronic pain, and promoting patient recovery. However, reliable tools for evaluating these competencies across different clinical specialties and healthcare settings are lacking. This study aimed to develop and validate a Pain Management Competency Scale for Nurses (PMCSN) and to assess the pain management competencies of nurses in China through a nationwide survey.

Development and validation of the health literacy environment scale for Chinese hospitals from patients' perspective.

Introduction: While the research on improving individual health literacy by promoting individual skills and abilities is increasing, less attention has been paid to the complexities of the healthcare environment that may influence patients' ability to access, understand, and apply health information and health services to make health decisions. This study aimed to develop and validate a Health Literacy Environment Scale (HLES) that is suitable for Chinese culture.

Methods: This study was conducted in two phases.