Importance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose in Protection and Immunity.

Background: There is debate on the necessity of booster doses of COVID-19 vaccination, especially in countries with limited resources.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a referral laboratory in Tehran, Iran. The level of COVID-19 antibodies was measured and compared between individuals regarding the number of COVID-19 vaccine shots.

An Overview of Antibiotic Resistance and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Antimicrobial Resistance in Agricultural Soils.

Excessive use of antibiotics in the healthcare sector and livestock farming has amplified antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a major environmental threat in recent years. Abiotic stresses, including soil salinity and water pollutants, can affect AMR in soils, which in turn reduces the yield and quality of agricultural products. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of antibiotic resistance and abiotic stresses on antimicrobial resistance in agricultural soils.