Prevalence and anatomical characteristics of subsuperior segment in lung lower lobe.

Objective: The subsuperior segment is an atypical pulmonary segment of the lung lower lobe. With the increased application of segmentectomy, it has received increased attention from thoracic surgeons. Studies of the subsuperior segment are scarce and mostly on the basis of small-sample autopsy studies, whose described characteristics are inconsistent with intraoperative observations.

Activation of interleukin-32 pro-inflammatory pathway in response to influenza A virus infection.

Background: Interleukin (IL)-32 is a recently described pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been reported to be induced by bacteria treatment in culture cells. Little is known about IL-32 production by exogenous pathogens infection in human individuals.

Methods And Findings: In this study, we found that IL-32 level was increased by 58.