Effects of macro vs. micro initialization and ocean initial-condition memory on the evolution of ensemble spread in the CESM2 large ensemble.

Unlabelled: "Single Model initial-condition Large Ensembles" (SMILEs) conducted with Earth system models have transformed our ability to quantify internal climate variability and forced climate change at local and regional scales. An important consideration in their experimental design is the choice of initialization procedure as this influences the duration of initial-condition memory, with implications for interpreting the temporal evolution of both the ensemble-mean and ensemble-spread. Here we leverage the strategic design of the 100-member Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) SMILE to investigate the dependence of ensemble spread on the method of initialization (micro- vs.

A pause in the weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation since the early 2010s.

The current state-of-the-art climate models when combined together suggest that the anthropogenic weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) has already begun since the mid-1980s. However, continuous direct observational records during the past two decades have shown remarkable resilience of the AMOC. To shed light on this apparent contradiction, here we attempt to attribute the interdecadal variation of the historical AMOC to the anthropogenic and natural signals, by analyzing multiple climate and surface-forced ocean model simulations together with direct observational data.

Enhanced Atlantic Meridional Mode predictability in a high-resolution prediction system.

Accurate prediction of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical North Atlantic on multiyear timescales is of paramount importance due to its notable impact on tropical cyclone activity. Recent advances in high-resolution climate predictions have demonstrated substantial improvements in the skill of multiyear SST prediction. This study reveals a notable enhancement in high-resolution tropical North Atlantic SST prediction that stems from a more realistic representation of the Atlantic Meridional Mode and the associated wind-evaporation-SST feedback.

Transcatheter and Surgical Ductus Arteriosus Closure in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: 2018-2022.

Background And Objective: The optimal patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure method in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants is uncertain. In 2019, the first transcatheter occlusion device was approved in the United States for infants ≥700 g. We described survival and short-term outcomes among VLBW infants who underwent transcatheter or surgical PDA closure (2018-2022).

Improvement Science Increases Routine Lipid Screening in General Pediatric Cardiology.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of patient education, physician counseling, and point-of-care (POC) testing on improving adherence to lipid screening national guidelines in a general pediatric cardiology practice (2017-2023).

Study Design: Regional primary care providers were surveyed regarding lipid screening practices. Key drivers were categorized (physician, patient, and system) with corresponding interventions.

Obstetric imaging practice characteristics associated with prenatal detection of critical congenital heart disease in a rural US region over 20 years.

Objective: To identify clinical practice characteristics associated with the frequency of prenatal critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) detection (i.e., the number of liveborn infants with postnatally confirmed CCHD identified on prenatal sonography) over 20 years in a rural setting comprised of 11 primarily low-volume obstetric hospitals and the single tertiary academic hospital to which they refer.

Qualitative Examination of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Access and Adherence to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among Sexual and Gender Minorities.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) access and adherence decreased nationwide. This study examined pandemic-related disruptions to PrEP access and adherence among clients of a health center (Center) in Los Angeles, California. Clients ( = 25) and Center personnel ( = 11) completed qualitative interviews from March to July 2021.

Role of the Maritime Continent in the remote influence of Atlantic Niño on the Pacific.

Atlantic Niño, the dominant climate mode in the equatorial Atlantic, is known to remotely force a La Niña-like response in the Pacific, potentially affecting seasonal climate predictions. Here, we use both observations and large-ensemble simulations to explore the physical mechanisms linking the Atlantic to the Pacific. Results indicate that an eastward propagating atmospheric Kelvin wave from the Atlantic, through the Indian Ocean, to the Pacific is the primary pathway.

Volcanic forcing degrades multiyear-to-decadal prediction skill in the tropical Pacific.

Volcanic aerosol forcing can affect global climate, but its role in climate prediction remains poorly understood. We isolate the impact of volcanic eruptions on multiyear-to-decadal climate prediction skill by comparing two suites of initialized decadal hindcasts conducted with and without historical volcanic forcing. Unexpectedly, the inclusion of volcanic forcing in the prediction system significantly degrades the forecast skill of detrended multiyear-to-decadal sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the central-eastern tropical Pacific.

Endocrinology of Taste with Aging.

Taste is one of our five primary senses, and taste impairment has been shown to increase with aging. The ability to taste allows us to enjoy the food we eat and to avoid foods that are potentially spoiled or poisonous. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of taste receptor cells located within taste buds help us decipher how taste works.

The moderating role of resilience in the relationship between experiences of COVID-19 response-related discrimination and disinformation among people who inject drugs.

Background: Due to the persistence of COVID-19, it remains important to measure and examine potential barriers to COVID-19 prevention and treatment to avert additional loss of life, particularly among stigmatized populations, such as people who inject drugs (PWID), who are at high risk for contracting and spreading SARS-CoV-2. We assessed the psychometrics of a novel COVID-19 response-related discrimination scale among PWID, and characterized associations between COVID-19 response-related discrimination, resilience to adversity, and endorsement of COVID-19 disinformation.

Methods: We assessed internal reliability, structural validity and construct validity of a 4-item COVID-19 response-related discrimination scale among PWID living in San Diego County, completing interviewer-administered surveys between October 2020 and September 2021.

"Saving lives with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir one transplant patient at a time".

Background: Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at risk of complications from COVID-19. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) can reduce mortality from COVID-19 but is contraindicated in patients receiving calcineurin inhibitors (CI), which depend on cytochrome p4503A (CY3PA). In this study, we aim to show the feasibility of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir administration to SOT recipients receiving CI with coordination of medication management and limited tacrolimus trough monitoring.

High Psychosocial Burden Relates to Poorer Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence Among Black/African American People with HIV.

Black/African American communities continue to be disproportionately impacted by HIV with Black people with HIV (PWH) exhibiting poorer outcomes along the HIV treatment cascade. Psychosocial burden may, in part, explain these health disparities among PWH. We implemented a culturally adapted intervention [individualized Texting for Adherence Building (iTAB)] to improve ART adherence among 89 Black PWH in San Diego, CA.

Dyslipidemia Among Adults With Congenital Heart Disease.

Background: Atherosclerotic disease is an important cause of morbidity among adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). Prevalence of dyslipidemia in this group is poorly described.

Objectives: This study aimed to describe the prevalence of dyslipidemia among adults with CHD.

Sensory Analysis of Full Immersion Coffee: Cold Brew Is More Floral, and Less Bitter, Sour, and Rubbery Than Hot Brew.

Cold brew coffee is often described as sweeter or less acidic than hot brew coffee. Such comparisons, however, are potentially confounded by two key effects: different brew temperatures necessarily change the extraction dynamics and potentially alter the resulting brew strength, and different consumption temperatures are well known to affect perceived flavor and taste. Here, we performed a systematic study of how extraction temperature affects the sensory qualities of full immersion coffee.

Patient and Physician Preferences Regarding Long-Acting Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Antiretroviral Therapy: A Mixed-Methods Study in Southern California, USA.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are key strategies in ending the HIV epidemic. However, poor adherence to daily ART and PrEP increases the risk of HIV transmission and acquisition. Long-acting ART and PrEP formulations attempt to improve adherence through providing long-lasting forms of the medication delivered through different routes of administration: oral (potentially monthly), injection (1-6 months), and subdermal implant (up to annually).

The Impact of Horizontal Resolution on Projected Sea-Level Rise Along US East Continental Shelf With the Community Earth System Model.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report lists sea-level rise as one of the major future climate challenges. Based on pre-industrial and historical-and-future climate simulations with the Community Earth System Model, we analyze the projected sea-level rise in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean with two sets of simulations at different horizontal resolutions. Compared with observations, the low resolution (LR) model simulated Gulf Stream does not separate from the shore but flows northward along the entire coast, causing large biases in regional dynamic sea level (DSL).

Cohort profile: the Kyrgyzstan InterSectional Stigma (KISS) injection drug use cohort study.

Background: In Kyrgyzstan and other Eastern European and Central Asian countries, injection drug use and HIV-related intersectional stigma undermines HIV prevention efforts, fueling a rapidly expanding HIV epidemic. The Kyrgyzstan InterSectional Stigma (KISS) Injection Drug Use Cohort is the first study designed to assess the impact of drug use, methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and HIV stigma experiences among people who inject drugs (PWID) on HIV prevention service utilization.

Methods: Adult PWID were recruited from Bishkek city and the surrounding rural Chuy Oblast region in northern Kyrgyzstan via modified time location sampling and snowball sampling.

Skilful decadal-scale prediction of fish habitat and distribution shifts.

Many fish and marine organisms are responding to our planet's changing climate by shifting their distribution. Such shifts can drive international conflicts and are highly problematic for the communities and businesses that depend on these living marine resources. Advances in climate prediction mean that in some regions the drivers of these shifts can be forecast up to a decade ahead, although forecasts of distribution shifts on this critical time-scale, while highly sought after by stakeholders, have yet to materialise.

A cross-sectional study of factors associated with COVID-19 testing among people who inject drugs: missed opportunities for reaching those most at risk.

Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We examined correlates of COVID-19 testing among PWID in the U.S.

Roast level and brew temperature significantly affect the color of brewed coffee.

Beverage color significantly affects perceived sensory quality and consumer preference. Although the color of coffee beans is well known to vary strongly with roast level, little work has examined how roast level and brewing conditions affect the color of the final beverage. Here, we report that the color of full immersion brewed coffee is significantly affected by both roast level and brewing temperature.

Life satisfaction following treatment-related reductions in alcohol use and PTSD symptoms: Results from VetChange.

Objective: Rates of hazardous alcohol consumption and co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are high among returning combat veterans and may adversely affect satisfaction with life (SWL). Improving life satisfaction represents a potential secondary outcome of web-based interventions for alcohol use and PTSD. Understanding the relationship between intervention targets and SWL may help inform future interventions and provide clarity regarding how improvements are manifesting.

Factors Associated with COVID-19 Testing among People who Inject Drugs: Missed Opportunities for Reaching those Most at Risk.

People who inject drugs (PWID) are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We examined correlates of COVID-19 testing among PWID in the U.S.

Variation of Patent Ductus Arteriosus Treatment in Very Low Birth Weight Infants.

Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) treatment is common among very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Given limitations in evidence, controversy exists regarding treatment risks and benefits. In this study, we describe PDA treatment trends and variation in a large, US, multicenter VLBW infant cohort.