Kalman filtering to reduce measurement noise of sample entropy: An electroencephalographic study.

In the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG), entropy can be used to quantify the rate of generation of new information. Entropy has long been known to suffer from variance that arises from its calculation. From a sensor's perspective, calculation of entropy from a period of EEG recording can be treated as physical measurement, which suffers from measurement noise.

CO-mediated bloater defect can be induced by the uncontrolled growth of in cucumber fermentation.

are known to proliferate in cucumber juice, deriving energy from the fermentation of sugars to organic acids and ethanol, and theoretically generating carbon dioxide (CO). We hypothesized that the CO produced by the indigenous in the early stage of cucumber fermentation accumulates in the fermenting fruits causing bloater defect. The ability of seven , indigenous to cucumber, to grow and produce CO in cucumber juice medium (CJM), a sterile model system for cucumber fermentation, was characterized.

Mental fatigue decreases complexity: Evidence from multiscale entropy analysis of instantaneous frequency variation in alpha rhythm.

Mental fatigue (MF) jeopardizes performance and safety through a variety of cognitive impairments and according to the complexity loss theory, should represent "complexity loss" in electroencephalogram (EEG). However, the studies are few and inconsistent concerning the relationship between MF and loss of complexity, probably because of the susceptibility of brain waves to noise. In this study, MF was induced in thirteen male college students by a simulated flight task.

Identification of potential causative agents of the CO-mediated bloater defect in low salt cucumber fermentation.

Development of bloater defect in cucumber fermentations is the result of carbon dioxide (CO) production by the indigenous microbiota. The amounts of CO needed to cause bloater defect in cucumber fermentations brined with low salt and potential microbial contributors of the gas were identified. The carbonation of acidified cucumbers showed that 28.

Contribution of Leuconostocaceae to CO-mediated bloater defect in cucumber fermentation.

Fermented cucumber bloater defect, caused by the accumulation of microbiologically produced carbon dioxide (CO), creates significant economic losses for the pickling industry. The ability of Leuconostocaceae, indigenous to cucumber, to grow and produce CO during a fermentation and cause bloater defect was evaluated. Leuconostocaceae grew and produced over 40% CO in cucumber juice medium, used as a model for cucumber fermentation.