The significance of monitoring respiratory sample cultures and polymerase chain reaction tests for detecting bacterial pathogens in severely and critically ill patients with COVID-19.

Background: Bacterial superinfection is one of the most common and potentially lethal complications in severely and critically ill patients with COVID-19.

Objectives: To determine the colonisation time frame and the spectrum of potential bacterial pathogens in respiratory samples from patients with severe and critical COVID-19, using routine culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on patients aged ≥18 years with confirmed severe and critical COVID-19 who were admitted to or transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU).

Co-Infection in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Discussion Continues.

Sixty-six patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and pneumonia on chest computer tomography were prospectively recruited. A combined respiratory swab for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), urine sample for pneumococcal and Legionella antigen, and sputum or endotracheal aspirate were collected. Urinary antigen and blood culture tests were negative in all cases as well as the PCR tests for other respiratory viruses and atypical bacterial pathogens.

[Patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic spread in a megacity].

Unlabelled: The purpose of the study is to analyze patterns demonstrated by the COVID-19 epidemic process in a megacity during the increase, stabilization and reduction in the incidence, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the epidemic prevention measures.

Materials And Methods: The comprehensive study incorporating epidemiological, molecular genetic and  statistical research methods was conducted to analyze the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Moscow during the COVID- 19 pandemic.

Results And Discussion: It was found that the exponential growth in COVID-19 cases was prevented due to the most stringent control and restrictive measures deployed in Moscow to break the chains of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and due to people who were very disciplined in complying with the self-isolation rules.

[Analysis of human coronaviruses circulation].

Introduction: The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which emerged at the end of 2019 and caused a worldwide pandemic, triggered numerous questions about the epidemiology of the novel COVID-19 disease and  about wellknown coronavirus infections, which used to be given little attention due to their mild symptoms.

The Purpose: The routine screening-based multiyear retrospective observational study of prevalence and circulation patterns of epidemic-prone human coronaviruses in Moscow.

Material And Methods: The real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect RNA of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in nasal and throat swabs from 16,511 patients with an acute respiratory infection (ARI), aged 1 month to 95 years (children accounted for 58.

[Etiology of severe community - acquired pneumonia in adults: results of the first Russian multicenter study].

Aim: to study the etiology of severe community - acquired pneumonia (SCAP) in adults in Russian Federation. SCAP is distinguished by high mortality and socio - economic burden. Both etiology and antimicrobial resistance are essential for appropriate antibiotic choice.

[Underestimated infection - on the question of the human adenovirus pathogenicity factors.].

Human adenoviruses cause different organ infections of varying severity, from asymptomatic to severe cases with lethal outcome, that are registered everywhere. Detailed and focused study of factors predisposing to a severe course of infection is required. The literature contains information indicating the association of severe adenoviral respiratory diseases with certain types of adenovirus, primarily type 7.

Umifenovir susceptibility monitoring and characterization of influenza viruses isolated during ARBITR clinical study.

Antiviral drugs can play a significant role in the control of influenza. Umifenovir (Arbidol) is licensed and widely used in Russia for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of influenza. We evaluated the susceptibility to umifenovir of reference influenza A and B viruses and influenza A viruses isolated from patients in the ARBITR clinical trial in 2012-2014 seasons.

Complete Genome Sequence of Human Adenovirus 7 Associated with Fatal Adult Pneumonia.

Human adenovirus 7 (hAdv7) 19BOVLB/Volgograd/Rus/2014 was isolated from the autopsy material from an adult with fatal pneumonia in Volgograd, Russia, in March 2014. Whole-genome sequencing of the virus isolate was performed.

Is the role of rhinoviruses as causative agents of pediatric community-acquired pneumonia over-estimated?

Unlabelled: The role that rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, parainfluenza viruses, coronaviruses and human bocavirus play in pediatric pneumonia is insufficiently studied. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to study 9 virus groups, including 16 different viruses or viral strains, in 56 ambulatory children with radiologically confirmed community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The same tests were carried out on 474 apparently healthy control children of the same age and sex.

[GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLUENZA A/H3N2 AND B VIRUSES THAT HAD CIRCULATED IN RUSSIA IN 2013 - 2015].

Aim: Establish genetic characteristics, carry out phylogenetic analysis and determination of molecular markers of resistance to etiotropic preparations against influenza A/H3N2 and B viruses that had circulated in Russia in 2013 - 2015.

Materials And Methods: 80 biological samples containing influenza A/H3N2 virus RNA and 31 samples containing influenza B virus RNA were studied. Sequencing of PCR fragments was carried out inABI-3 100 PRIZMTM GeneticAnalyzer (AppliedBiosystems, USA) and using MiSeq (Illumina, USA).

Detection of respiratory pathogens in pediatric acute otitis media by PCR and comparison of findings in the middle ear and nasopharynx.

We conducted a series of polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) in order to detect bacteria (7 species) and viruses (17 species) in middle ear fluid (MEF) and nasopharynx (Nph) of children with acute otitis media (AOM; n=179). Bacterial and viral nucleic acids were detected in MEF of 78.8% and 14.

[ADENOVIRUSES IN THE ETIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION IN MOSCOW IN 2004 - 2014].

Aim: Study prevalence of adenovirus species and serotypes that had caused acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI) in Moscow in 2004 - 2014.

Materials And Methods: Material from respiratory tract of 4731 patients with ARVI and 663 conditionally healthy children and adults was used. ARVI causative agents were detected by PCR with real-time detection using AmpliSens reagent kits (CRIE, Moscow).

[A case of adenovirus infection complicated by gram-negative polymicrobial sepsis: A clinical and morphological observation].

Among respiratory infections, adenovirus infection (ADVI), in the presence of which there may be severe pneumonia that frequently results in a fatal outcome, occupies particular attention. ADVI in patients without immunodeficiency is usually mild and shows a limited extent of injury. At the same time the disease in immunocompromised individuals may be severe, presenting with viremia, evolving sepsis, and high death rates.

Virus susceptibility and clinical effectiveness of anti-influenza drugs during the 2010-2011 influenza season in Russia.

Background: Antiviral drugs are critical adjuncts to influenza vaccination. This study determined the in vitro susceptibilities of influenza A and B viruses isolated in the 2010-2011 season in Russia to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir and the hemagglutinin fusion inhibitor umifenovir and clinical efficacy of this antiviral drugs in this season.

Methods: The antiviral potency of these drugs against A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in mice was assessed.

Molecular genetic analysis of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus from lethal and recovered cases in Russia from 2009 to 2014: Deletions in the nucleoprotein.

Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus caused about 2000 laboratory confirmed lethal cases in Russia during 2009-2010 and 1302, 135 and 29 cases in the 2010-2011, 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 seasons respectively. The on average short duration (7.8±5 days) of lethal cases of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infections in Russia suggests primary viral rather than secondary bacterial pneumonia.

[Adenovirus pneumonia with a fatal outcome in adults].

Aim: To retrospectively analyze the medical records of patients who have died from complications of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by adenovirus serotype 7.

Subjects And Methods: CAP was diagnosed in patients (6 men aged 19-24 years and 1 woman aged 49 years) on the basis of clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings. Adenoviral pneumonia was established by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).