Predicting methyl iodide emission, soil concentration, and pest control in a two-dimensional chamber system.

Due to ever-increasing state and federal regulations, the future use of fumigants is predicted on reducing negative environmental impacts while offering sufficient pestcontrol efficacy. To foster the development of a best management practice, an integrated tool is needed to simultaneously predict fumigant movement and pest control without having to conduct elaborate and costly experiments. The objective of this study was (i) to present a two-dimensional (2-D) mathematical model to describe both fumigant movement and pestcontrol and (ii) to evaluate the model by comparing the simulated and observed results.

Reactive films for mitigating methyl bromide emissions from fumigated soil.

Emissions of methyl bromide (MeBr) from agricultural fumigation can lead to depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, and so its use is being phased out. However, as MeBr is still widely used under Critical Use Exemptions, strategies are still required to control such emissions. In this work, novel reactive films (RFs) were designed and their efficacy in limiting loss of MeBr from soil was tested.

Diurnal variation of diazinon volatilization: soil moisture effects.

Diurnal variations in diazinon volatilization were monitored in three field experiments conducted with differing soil moisture contents. The highest flux rates in all experiments were recorded just after diazinon application, but the magnitudes of those initial rates differed according to the soil moisture content, with wetter soil producing a higher rate: 5.6 × 10(-4) μg cm(-2) min(-1) for initial soil moisture above field capacity, 8.

Violence among persons diagnosed with schizophrenia: how pharmacists can help.

Violence among those diagnosed with schizophrenia has been reported but is not a diagnostic component of the disorder. The position of the courts regarding fulfillment of the requisite intent to commit violent acts has not been extensively reported. This article discusses the impact of a diagnosis of schizophrenia in an individual and how the pharmacist can help integrate information into the health care system.

Irrigation, organic matter addition, and tarping as methods of reducing emissions of methyl iodide from agricultural soil.

Methyl iodide (MeI) is increasingly being used as a highly effective alternative to the soil fumigant methyl bromide. Due to its volatile and toxic nature, MeI draws wide attention on its potential atmospheric emission following field fumigation treatment. Using soil columns that make it possible to determine emissions and gas phase distribution of soil fumigants, we studied MeI behavior in two soils differing in organic matter content.

Embedding QR codes in tumor board presentations, enhancing educational content for oncology information management.

Quick Response (QR) Codes are standard in supply management and seen with increasing frequency in advertisements. They are now present regularly in healthcare informatics and education. These 2-dimensional square bar codes, originally designed by the Toyota car company, are free of license and have a published international standard.

Depleting methyl bromide residues in soil by reaction with bases.

Despite generally being considered the most effective soil fumigant, methyl bromide (MeBr) use is being phased out because its emissions from soil can lead to stratospheric ozone depletion. However, a large amount is still currently used due to Critical Use Exemptions. As strategies for reducing the postfumigation emissions of MeBr from soil, Ca(OH)(2), K(2)CO(3), and NH(3) were assessed as means of promoting MeBr degradation.

Development of an efficient extraction method for oxytetracycline in animal manure for high performance liquid chromatography analysis.

Oxytetracycline (2-(amino-hydroxy-methylidene)-4-dimethylamino-5,6,10,11,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-4,4a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-1,3,12-trione) is a major member of the tetracycline antibiotics family of which are widely administered to animals in concentrated animal feeding operations for purposes of therapeutical treatment and health protection. With the disposal of animal manure as fertilizer into agricultural land, tetracyclines enter the environment. However, tetracyclines chelate with multivalent cations and proteins, resulting in low extraction efficiencies from animal manure for tetracycline residue analysis.

Transport and fate of methyl iodide and its pest control in soils.

For fumigants, information on transport and fate as well as pest control is needed to develop management practices with the fewest negative environmental effects while offering sufficient pest control efficacy. For this purpose, a 2-D soil chamber with a surface-mounted flux chamber was designed to determine volatilization, real-time soil gas-phase concentration, degradation, and organism survivability after methyl iodide (MeI) fumigation. Three types of pests were used to give a broad spectrum of pest control information.

1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin emissions following simulated drip irrigation to raised beds under plastic films.

Using laboratory soil chambers a nonscaled representation of an agricultural raised bed was constructed. For a sandy loam soil, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) were applied at 5 cm depth with an excess of water (simulated drip irrigation). Application was made under both high density polyethylene (HDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) covering the soil bed (the furrow was left uncovered).

Hydrolysis and photolysis of oxytetracycline in aqueous solution.

Oxytetracycline ((2Z,4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6S,12aS)-2-(amino-hydroxy-methylidene)-4-dimethylamino-5,6,10,11,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-4,4a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-1,3,12-trione) is a member of tetracycline antibiotics family and is widely administered to farm animals for the purpose of therapeutical treatment and health protection. Increasing attention has been paid to the environmental fate of oxytetracycline and other veterinary antibiotics with the occurrence of these antibiotics in the environment. The hydrolysis and photolysis degradation of oxytetracycline was investigated in this study.

Tolerogenicity is not an absolute property of a dendritic cell.

Pharmacological modulation is known to temper the immune capacity of DC, enhancing the notion that modulated Ag-bearing DC might be used therapeutically to induce tolerance. We have investigated phenotypic features shared by such DC, and queried their potential to tolerize in different settings. Immature, IL-10, TGF-beta and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-modulated BMDC all induced tolerance to male skin in female TCR transgenic A1.

Time spent studying on a pre-registration nursing programme module: an exploratory study and implications for regulation.

European Union (EU) regulations require that university programmes are of specified duration. Additional EU regulations apply specifically to university based nurse education, enacted in the UK by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). However, little is known about how much time student nurses spend on their studies.

Actin polymerization is controlled by residue size at position 204.

Previous work has shown that purified double mutant A204C/C374A yeast actin is polymerization-deficient in vitro under physiological concentrations. To understand the importance of the 204 residue in subdomain 4, a series of actin proteins with a single mutation at this position were created with Cys-374 retained. Only yeast expressing A204G-, A204S-, or A204C-actin were viable.

Mineralization of metsulfuron-methyl in Chinese paddy soils.

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the mineralization of metsulfuron-methyl (MSM) in paddy soils in response to soil moisture, temperature and soil properties. The results indicated that MSM mineralization was relatively limited in the paddy soils when soil temperature was low. Only 2.

New features of shape coexistence in ;{152}Sm.

Excited states in ;{152}Sm have been investigated with the ;{152}Sm(n,n;{'}gamma) reaction. The lowest four negative-parity band structures have been characterized in detail with respect to their absolute decay properties. Specifically, a new K;{pi} = 0;{-} band has been assigned with its 1;{-} band head at 1681 keV.

Researching student absence: methodological challenges and ethical issues.

This article describes the challenges encountered in a research project aiming to explore non-attendance from the perspective of absent students. These students are nursing students in a Faculty of Health and Social Care, but the issues raised here are of wider interest. Although attendance at the sessions monitored for this project is stated to be compulsory, there is typically a non-attendance rate of around 20%.

Laboratory assessment of emission reduction strategies for the agricultural fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin.

With the increased use of the agricultural fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP), it is important that strategies to reduce emissions of these fumigant from soil to the air are assessed to protect air quality. Using an established soil column approach, the following emission reduction strategies were compared to a control: (1) spray application of ammonium thiosulfate to the soil surface; (2) deep injection at 46 cm depth; (3) high density polyethylene sealed over the soil surface; (4) virtually impermeable film sealed over the soil surface; and (5) irrigation with ammonium thiosulfate solution. Relative to the control, 1,3-D emissions were reduced by 26.

Solute transport in eroded and rehabilitated prairie landforms. 2. Reactive solute.

The impact of varying soil, landscape, and climate conditions on the off-site transport of pesticides must be determined to develop improved pesticide management practices. This study quantified the rate of S-metolachlor dissipation after fall and spring application in eroded and rehabilitated landforms in which topsoil was moved from the lower slope to the upper slope. Fall-applied metolachlor provided no control of annual grasses because approximately 80% was removed from the root zone during the winter and early spring, presumably by leaching and runoff.

Solute transport in eroded and rehabilitated prairie landforms. 1. Nonreactive solute.

Information regarding solute and water transport as affected by soil properties, topography, and climatic conditions is required to improve and validate transport models. This study evaluated the dissipation of bromide applied to the soil surface in the fall and spring to undisturbed (eroded) and rehabilitated landforms, in which topsoil was moved from depositional areas to the eroded upper slope. Despite large changes in soil properties, the amount and center of mass of bromide remaining in the top 1 m of soil was the same in undisturbed and rehabilitated plots.

High rate of transmission among contacts in large London outbreak of isoniazid mono-resistant tuberculosis.

Background: For a continuing London outbreak of isoniazid mono-resistant tuberculosis (TB), we aimed to determine transmission rates and risk factors for contacts of early cases, in order to inform future guidance on contact tracing.

Methods: Paper-based proformas were completed by TB nurses, and then analysed using EpiInfo/SAS statistical software.

Results: Forty community contacts (11%) became cases, 45 (13%) were recommended chemoprophylaxis and 270 (76%) were discharged clear of infection.

CLSI-derived hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for healthy adults in eastern and southern Africa.

Background: Clinical laboratory reference intervals have not been established in many African countries, and non-local intervals are commonly used in clinical trials to screen and monitor adverse events (AEs) among African participants. Using laboratory reference intervals derived from other populations excludes potential trial volunteers in Africa and makes AE assessment challenging. The objective of this study was to establish clinical laboratory reference intervals for 25 hematology, immunology and biochemistry values among healthy African adults typical of those who might join a clinical trial.

Effect of sequential surface irrigations on field-scale emissions of 1,3-dichloropropene.

A field experiment was conducted to measure subsurface movement and volatilization of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) after shank injection to an agricultural soil. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the emissions of 1,3-D to the atmosphere and is based on recent research that has shown that saturating the soil pore space reduces gas-phase diffusion and leads to reduced volatilization rates. Aerodynamic, integrated horizontal flux, and theoretical profile shape methods were used to estimate fumigant volatilization rates and total emission losses.