Isolation of High-Purity Betanin from Red Beet and Elucidation of Its Antioxidant Activity against Peroxynitrite: An in vitro Study.

Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are damaging for many biomolecules. Peroxynitrite (ONOO) is the most toxic molecular species among RNS. Betalains are known to possess ONOO scavenging ability.

Accumulation of squalene in filamentous fungi Trichoderma virens PS1-7 in the presence of butenafine hydrochloride, squalene epoxidase inhibitor: biosynthesis of 13C-enriched squalene.

Squalene is a triterpenoid compound and widely used in various industries such as medicine and cosmetics due to its strong antioxidant and anticancer properties. The purpose of this study is to increase the accumulation of squalene in filamentous fungi using exogeneous butenafine hydrochloride, which is an inhibitor for squalene epoxidase. The detailed settings achieved that the filamentous fungi, Trichoderma virens PS1-7, produced squalene up to 429.

holobiont from a subarctic palsa bog aggravates the potential of nitrous oxide emissions.

Melting permafrost mounds in subarctic palsa mires are thawing under climate warming and have become a substantial source of NO emissions. However, mechanistic insights into the permafrost thaw-induced NO emissions in these unique habitats remain elusive. We demonstrated that NO emission potential in palsa bogs was driven by the bacterial residents of two dominant mosses especially of (SC) in the subarctic palsa bog, which responded to endogenous and exogenous factors such as secondary metabolites, nitrogen and carbon sources, temperature, and pH.

Pinellic Acid Isolated from Quercetin-rich Onions has a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha/Gamma (PPAR-α/γ) Transactivation Activity.

Quercetin, a flavonol, is a functional compound that is abundant in onions and is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Quercetin and its glucoside are known to function as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligands and showed high PPAR- transactivation activity but little PPAR- transactivation activity in some reports. In this study, we demonstrated that an aqueous extract of a quercetin-rich onion cultivar increased transactivation activities not only of PPAR- but also of PPAR-.

Nitrous Oxide Emission in Response to pH from Degrading Palsa Mire Peat Due to Permafrost Thawing.

NO, a greenhouse gas, is increasingly emitted from degrading permafrost mounds of palsa mires because of the global warming effects on microbial activity. In the present study, we hypothesized that NO emission could be affected by a change in pH conditions because the collapse of acidic palsa mounds (pH 3.4-4.

Bidirectional Cell-Cell Communication via Indole and Cyclo(Pro-Tyr) Modulates Interspecies Biofilm Formation.

The extracellular signaling molecule indole plays a pivotal role in biofilm formation by the enteric gammaproteobacterium Escherichia coli; this process is particularly correlated with the extracellular indole concentration. Using the indole-biodegrading betaproteobacterium Burkholderia unamae, we examined the mechanism by which these two bacteria modulate biofilm formation in an indole-dependent manner. We quantified the spatial organization of cocultured microbial communities at the micrometer scale through computational image analysis, ultimately identifying how bidirectional cell-to-cell communication modulated the physical relationships between them.

Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) produced by Paraburkholderia phenazinium CK-PC1 aids postgermination growth of Xyris complanata seedlings with germination induced by Penicillium rolfsii Y-1.

Symbiosis of Penicillium rolfsii Y-1 is essential for the seed germination of Hawaii yellow-eyed grass (Xyris complanata). However, the local soil where the plants grow naturally often suppresses the radicle growth of the seedlings. This radicle growth was drastically restored by coinoculation of Paraburkholderia phenazinium isolate CK-PC1, which is a rhizobacterium of X.

An Unknown Non-denitrifier Bacterium Isolated from Soil Actively Reduces Nitrous Oxide under High pH Conditions.

A nitrous oxide (NO)-consuming bacterium isolated from farmland soil actively consumed NO under high pH conditions. An acetylene inhibition assay did not show the denitrification of N to NO by this bacterium. When NO was injected as the only nitrogen source, this bacterium did not assimilate NO.

Seasonal Fluctuations of Aroma Components of Essential Oils from Larix leptolepis.

Conifer resins are used as chemical raw materials for daily necessities. There have been many reports on the aroma components of turpentine oil from rosin, but there has been no reports on fluctuations in the aroma components through spring to late autumn. We speculated that the aroma components in the essential oils of deciduous coniferous larches might fluctuate during maturation of the foliage.

Isolation and characterization of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol as a hormogonium-inducing factor (HIF) from the coralloid roots of Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae).

Coralloid roots are specialized tissues of cycads (Cycas revoluta) that are involved in symbioses with nitrogen-fixing Nostoc cyanobacteria. We found that a crude methanolic extract of coralloid roots induced differentiation of the filamentous cell aggregates of Nostoc species into motile hormogonia. Hence, the hormogonium-inducing factor (HIF) was chased using bioassay-based isolation, and the active principle was characterized as a mixture of diacylglycerols (DAGs), mainly composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol (1), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (2), 1-stearoyl-2-linolenoyl-sn-glycerol (3), and 1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol (4).

Studies on the metabolic regulation of denitrifying bacteria and phytopathogenic microorganisms using chemical agents found in chemical ecology-based phenomena.

An interaction between two different living creatures is often mediated by a chemical substance, along with metabolic or morphological differentiation. Such phenomenon-based investigation of chemical substances sometimes leads to the discovery of a novel signaling substance associated with biological pest control, including pinpoint regulation of fundamental metabolisms. In studies on the metabolic regulation of denitrifying bacteria and phytopathogenic microorganisms, such chemicals linked to the introduction of new ideas and unique approaches for biorational pest controls are described.

pH Stability and Antioxidant Power of CycloDOPA and Its Derivatives.

CycloDOPA (leukodopachrome), a well known metabolite of tyrosine, is a precursor of melanine in mammalian organisms and of the pigment betalain in plants. However, the isolation of cycloDOPA from natural sources has not been widely reported. In the present work, the stabilities of cycloDOPA and cycloDOPA methyl ester at various pH levels were studied.

Comparison of Nostocean hormogonium induction and its motility on solid plates between agar and gellan gum at varying gel matrix concentrations.

To establish a sensitive bioassay for Nostocean hormogonium induction, we compared the effectiveness of the morpho-differentiation induction on two gelled plates, agar and gellan gum, for anacardic acid C15:1-Δ decyl ester (1) (100 nmol/disc). On BG-11 (nitrogen-free) medium-based 0.6 and 0.

Ammonium nitrogen content is a dominant predictor of bacterial community composition in an acidic forest soil with exogenous nitrogen enrichment.

Soil pH is a dominant factor affecting bacterial community composition in acidic, neutral, and alkaline soils but not in severely acidic soils (pH<4.5). We conducted a nitrogen (N) addition experiment in the field in severely acidic forest soil to determine the response of the soil bacterial community and identified the dominant factor in determining community composition.

Comparison of Archaeal Communities in Mineral Soils at a Boreal Forest in Finland and a Cold-Temperate Forest in Japan.

Archaeal communities in mineral soils were compared between a boreal forest in Finland and cold-temperate forest in Japan using 16S rRNA gene-targeted high-throughput sequencing. In boreal soils, Thaumarchaeota Group 1.1c archaea predominated and Thaumarchaeota Group 1.

Synthesis of Chiral TFA-Protected α-Amino Aryl-Ketone Derivatives with Friedel-Crafts Acylation of α-Amino Acid N-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester.

Chiral -protected α-amino aryl-ketones are one of the useful precursors used in the synthesis of various biologically active compounds and can be constructed via Friedel-Crafts acylation of -protected α-amino acids. One of the drawbacks of this reaction is the utilization of toxic, corrosive and moisture-sensitive acylating reagents. In peptide construction via amide bond formation, -hydroxysuccinimide ester (OSu), which has high storage stability, can react rapidly with amino components and produces fewer side reactions, including racemization.

Base-Mediated One-Pot Synthesis of Aliphatic Diazirines for Photoaffinity Labeling.

Aliphatic diazirines have been widely used as prominent photophores for photoaffinity labeling owing to their relatively small size which can reduce the steric effect on the natural interaction between ligands and proteins. Based on our continuous efforts to develop efficient methods for the synthesis of aliphatic diazirines, we present here a comprehensive study about base-mediated one-pot synthesis of aliphatic diazirines. It was found that potassium hydroxide (KOH) can also promote the construction of aliphatic diazirine with good efficiency.

Identification of diacetonamine from soybean curd residue as a sporulation-inducing factor toward Bacillus spp.

Under bioassay-guided investigation, a sporulation-inducing factor (SIF) toward Bacillus spp. was searched for in methanol (MeOH) extracts of soybean curd residues, and diacetonamine (1) was identified as the active compound. SIF was first isolated as a monoacetylated derivative (2, 4.

Dehydrogenation of the NH-NH Bond Triggered by Potassium tert-Butoxide in Liquid Ammonia.

A novel strategy for the dehydrogenation of the NH-NH bond is disclosed using potassium tert-butoxide (tBuOK) in liquid ammonia (NH ) under air at room temperature. Its synthetic value is well demonstrated by the highly efficient synthesis of aromatic azo compounds (up to 100 % yield, 3 min), heterocyclic azo compounds, and dehydrazination of phenylhydrazine. The broad application of this strategy and its benefit to chemical biology is proved by a novel, convenient, one-pot synthesis of aliphatic diazirines, which are important photoreactive agents for photoaffinity labeling.

Genome Sequence of Burkholderia plantarii ZJ171, a Tropolone-Producing Bacterial Pathogen Responsible for Rice Seedling Blight.

Burkholderia plantarii is the causal agent of rice seedling blight. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of B. plantarii, which contains 8,020,831 bp, with a G+C content of 68.

Cosolvent-Promoted O-Benzylation with Silver(I) Oxide: Synthesis of 1'-Benzylated Sucrose Derivatives, Mechanistic Studies, and Scope Investigation.

A cosolvent-promoted O-benzylation strategy with Ag2O was developed. The cosolvent consisting of CH2Cl2 and n-hexane can not only improve the reaction solubility for carbohydrates but also increase the benzylation efficiency. The formation of byproducts is greatly inhibited in the developed method.

Physiological and Genotypic Characteristics of Nitrous Oxide (N2O)-Emitting Pseudomonas Species Isolated from Dent Corn Andisol Farmland in Hokkaido, Japan.

Dent corn Andisol at the Hokkaido University Shizunai Livestock Experimental Farm actively emits nitrous oxide (N2O). In order to screen for culturable and active N2O emitters with high N2O emission potential, soft gel medium containing excess KNO3 was inoculated with soil suspensions from farm soil samples collected at different land managements. Dominant bacterial colonies were searched for among 20 of the actively N2O-emitting cultures from post-harvest soil and 19 from pre-tilled soil, and all isolates were subjected to the culture-based N2O emission assay.

Indole-3-Acetic Acid Produced by Burkholderia heleia Acts as a Phenylacetic Acid Antagonist to Disrupt Tropolone Biosynthesis in Burkholderia plantarii.

Burkholderia heleia PAK1-2 is a potent biocontrol agent isolated from rice rhizosphere, as it prevents bacterial rice seedling blight disease caused by Burkholderia plantarii. Here, we isolated a non-antibacterial metabolite from the culture fluid of B. heleia PAK1-2 that was able to suppress B.