Non-invasive Intradermal Delivery of Hyaluronic Acid via Iontophoresis.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a hydrophilic supra-macromolecule, with a molecular weight (MW) 1000000<. HA is recognized as a biomaterial for skin moisturization. HA solution is typically injected into the skin using a needle.

Non-invasive delivery of biological macromolecular drugs into the skin by iontophoresis and its application to psoriasis treatment.

Biological macromolecular drugs, such as antibodies and fusion protein drugs, have been widely employed for the treatment of various diseases. Administration routes are typically via invasive intravenous or subcutaneous injection with needles; the latter is challenging for applications involving inflamed skin (e.g.

Characteristics of unique endocytosis induced by weak current for cytoplasmic drug delivery.

We previously reported that a weak current (WC, 0.3-0.5 mA/cm) applied to cells can induce endocytosis to promote cytoplasmic delivery of hydrophilic macromolecules (MW: <70,000), such as dextran and siRNA, which leak from WC-induced endosomes into the cytoplasm (Hasan et al.