Seasonal fluctuations of heavy metal accumulation and gastrointestinal helminth induce oxidative stress and histological lesions in resident catfish Clarias gariepinus.

The exposure of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) to various environmental contaminants leads to physiological and histological alterations. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the impact of seasonal variations of ecological contaminants as external stressors and internal stressors via helminth infections on oxidative stress and histopathology in resident C. gariepinus at EL-Salam Canal, Egypt.