Treating waste with waste: Treatment of textile wastewater using upcycled food waste as a pore-forming agent in the fabrication of ceramic membranes employing DOE/FFD design.

This study investigates a novel method for food waste management by using it as a sustainable replacement for conventional pore-forming agents in ceramic membrane production. The membranes were analyzed using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a universal testing machine. The morphologies of the membranes were observed using scan electron microscopy (SEM).