Influence of steel-to-concrete ratio on sustainable column design in Saudi Arabia.

This study investigates the impact of the steel-to-concrete ratio in building columns on environmental factors, embodied energy, and cost estimations in a hotel construction scenario in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. This study focuses on the production (A1-A3) and construction (A4-A5) stages, omits the use and disposal phases, and extensively examines the material components and their environmental implications. It evaluates the environmental impact of diverse column types.