An antibacterial T6SS in Pantoea agglomerans pv. betae delivers a lysozyme-like effector to antagonize competitors.

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is deployed by numerous Gram-negative bacteria to deliver toxic effectors into neighbouring cells. The genome of Pantoea agglomerans pv. betae (Pab) phytopathogenic bacteria contains a gene cluster (T6SS1) predicted to encode a complete T6SS.

A binary effector module secreted by a type VI secretion system.

Gram-negative bacteria use type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) to deliver toxic effector proteins into neighboring cells. Cargo effectors are secreted by binding noncovalently to the T6SS apparatus. Occasionally, effector secretion is assisted by an adaptor protein, although the adaptor itself is not secreted.

The Antibacterial and Anti-Eukaryotic Type VI Secretion System MIX-Effector Repertoire in .

is a widespread family of aquatic bacteria that includes emerging pathogens and symbionts. Many harbor a type VI secretion system (T6SS), which is a secretion apparatus used to deliver toxins, termed effectors, into neighboring cells. T6SSs mediate both antibacterial and anti-eukaryotic activities.

The relationship between fatigue and cardiac functioning.

Background: Although characteristics such as heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) are commonly reported in studies of the relationship between fatigue and cardiac functioning, few reports examine how cardiac function parameters such as cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) relate to fatigue. This study examined the relationship between self-reported fatigue and hemodynamic functioning at rest and in response to a public speaking stressor in healthy individuals.

Methods: A total of 142 individuals participated in this study.

Predator odor-induced conditioned fear involves the basolateral and medial amygdala.

The basolateral (BLA) and medial nucleus (MeA) of the amygdala participate in the modulation of unconditioned fear induced by predator odor. However, the specific role of these amygdalar nuclei in predator odor-induced fear memory is not known. Therefore, fiber-sparing lesions or temporary inactivation of the BLA or MeA were made either prior to or after exposure to cat odor, and conditioned contextual fear behavior was examined the next day.