The Effect of Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking on Bone Healing Following Femoral Fractures in Male Rats.

Given the increasing use of waterpipe tobacco smoking in the world and its unknown effects on bone healing, this study investigated the repairing of femoral bone fractures in rats exposed to waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS). This study involved 40 male Wistar rats that were divided into two groups, including the femoral fracture (Fx) and the Fx + WTS groups. Each group was divided into two subgroups that were evaluated for bone healing 28 and 42 days after femoral fracture.