Autophagy modulators in type 2 diabetes: A new perspective.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by defective insulin signaling, insulin resistance, and impairment of insulin secretion. Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal-dependent catabolic cellular pathway involved in the pathogenesis of T2D and its complications. Basal autophagy regulates pancreatic β-cell function by enhancing insulin release and peripheral insulin sensitivity.

RETRACTED: El-Far et al. Thymoquinone and Curcumin Defeat Aging-Associated Oxidative Alterations Induced by D-Galactose in Rats' Brain and Heart. 2021, , 6839.

The retracts the article "Thymoquinone and Curcumin Defeat Aging-Associated Oxidative Alterations Induced by D-Galactose in Rats' Brain and Heart" [...

Morphological and Prognostic Values of Skin Lesions in Patients with COVID-19.

The dermatological manifestations of the coronavirus cause severe acute respiratory syndrome. The current study investigates the morphological and histopathological relationship between the emergence of skin lesions and the severity of COVID-19 across the course of the disease via a cross-sectional study. There were skin lesions (maculopapular rash, vesiculobullous lesions, urticarial lesions, cutaneous thromboembolic "CT," and erythema multiforme-like lesions "EM-like") in confirmed COVID-19 instances.

Kynurenine pathway in type 2 diabetes: Role of metformin.

The Kynurenine pathway (KP) which is involved in the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from tryptophan (Trp) is intricate in the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Inflammatory reactions in response to cardiometabolic disorders can induce the development of IR through the augmentation of KP. However, kynurenine (KYN), a precursor of kynurenic acid (KA) is increased following physical exercise and involved in the reduction of IR.

Expression Patterns of Grainyhead-Like 2 and Ovo-Like 2 in Mouse Mammary Gland Development During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Weaning.

Grainyhead-like 2 (Grhl2) is a transcription factor that regulates cell adhesion genes in mammary ductal development and serves as a repressor of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Conversely, Ovo-like2 (Ovol2) is a target gene of Grhl2 but functions as a substitute in Grhl2-deficient mice, facilitating successful epithelial barrier formation and lumen expansion in kidney-collecting ductal epithelial cells. Our objective was to examine the expression patterns of Grhl2, Ovol2, and their associated genes during the intricate phases of mouse mammary gland development.

In vivo investigation of the anti-liver fibrosis impact of Balanites aegyptiaca/ chitosan nanoparticles.

Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) is an African herb with traditional medical applications. Various pathogenic factors cause hepatic fibrosis and require novel treatment alternatives.

Microenvironmental Changes in Mediastinal Fat-associated Lymphoid Clusters and Lungs in Early and Late Stages of Metastatic Lung Cancer Induction.

The prognosis of metastatic lung melanoma (MLM) has been reported to be poor. An increasing number of studies have reported the function of several immune cells in cancer regression. Although the function of mediastinal fat-associated lymphoid clusters (MFALCs) in the progression of inflammatory lung lesions has been previously reported, the association between MLM progression and MFALCs development has remained unexplored.

Impact of intravenous/intranasal polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid administration on the mediastinal fat-associated lymphoid clusters and lung tissue in healthy mice.

Background: Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (pIC) is a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA. It is used as a synthetic adjuvant to induce an adaptive immune response. However, the effect of pIC on the development of mediastinal fat-associated lymphoid clusters (MFALCs) that regulate intrathoracic hemostasis has remained unidentified.

Calbindin Has a Potential Spatiotemporal Correlation with Proliferation and Apoptosis in the Postnatal Rat Kidney.

The protein calbindin-D28k modulates calcium reabsorption in the kidney. Here, we aimed to study the influence of proliferation and apoptosis in different compartments of the kidney on the developmental function of calbindin. Using immunohistochemistry, we investigated the postnatal development of rats' kidneys by using calbindin, proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and apoptotic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).

Reprogramming activated hepatic stellate cells by siRNA-loaded nanocarriers reverses liver fibrosis in mice.

We report on a novel strategy for treating liver fibrosis through reprogramming activated Hepatic Stellate Cells (aHSCs) into quiescent Hepatic Stellate Cells (qHSCs) using siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). The in vivo screening of an array of molecularly-diverse ionizable lipids identified two candidates, CL15A6 and CL15H6, with a high siRNA delivery efficiency to aHSCs. Optimization of the composition and physico-chemical properties of the LNPs enabled the ligand-free, selective, and potent siRNA delivery to aHSCs post intravenous administration, with a median effective siRNA dose (ED) as low as 0.

Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells restored hematopoiesis by improving radiation induced bone marrow niche remodeling in rats.

Background: Functional hematopoiesis is governed by the bone marrow (BM) niche, which is compromised by radiotherapy, leading to radiation induced BM failure. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the radiation induced pathological remodeling of the niche and the efficacy of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) in restoring hematopoiesis via improvement of the niche.

Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were equally assigned to three groups: control (CON), irradiated (IR), and IR+hUCB-MSCs.

Parkinson's Disease Risk and Hyperhomocysteinemia: The Possible Link.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common degenerative brain disorders caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Lewy bodies and -synuclein accumulation in the SN are hallmarks of the neuropathology of PD. Due to lifestyle changes and prolonged L-dopa administration, patients with PD frequently have vitamin deficiencies, especially folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12.

Apitoxin alleviates methyl mercury-induced peripheral neurotoxicity in male rats by regulating dorsal root ganglia neuronal degeneration and oxidative stress.

Methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity is associated with extensive neuronal degeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). This study aimed to assess the ameliorative effect of bee venom (BV) on methyl mercury chloride (MeHgCl)-induced peripheral neurotoxicity using DRGs in rats. Forty-eight adult male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into four equal groups: G I: control (gavaged MilliQ water 1 ml/rat), G II: subcutaneously injected with BV (0.

Self-homing nanocarriers for mRNA delivery to the activated hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis.

Herein, we report on the development of a platform for the selective delivery of mRNA to the hard-to-transfect Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells (aHSCs), the fundamental player in the progression of liver fibrosis. Using a microfluidic device (iLiNP), we prepared a series of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) based on a diverse library of pH-sensitive lipids. After an in-depth in vivo optimization of the LNPs, their mRNA delivery efficiency, selectivity, potency, robustness, and biosafety were confirmed.

Barhi date (Phoenix dactylifera) extract ameliorates hepatocellular carcinoma in male rats.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with limited treatment options. Given this fact, it may be important to develop new molecular targeted therapies from natural products, especially those which are primary sources of effective anticancer drugs with distinct mechanisms. Moreover, the complementary use of traditional herbs or fruit may increase the possibility of finding curative options for cancer.

Cellular infiltration, cytokines, and histopathology of skin lesions associated with different clinical forms and stages of naturally occurring lumpy skin disease in cattle.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) caused by the Capripoxvirus LSD virus which infects cattle, leading to a serious disease characterized by fever and the eruption of skin nodules all over the surface of the body. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease is still incomplete, particularly the immunopathological alterations occurring in the skin nodules of infected animals. Therefore, we collected skin nodules from naturally infected cattle with different forms of the disease, both in the early stage of clinical infection and after disease progression.

Ureteral morphology and pathology during urolithiasis in cats.

Cats exhibit high susceptibility to urinary organ-related diseases. We investigated the healthy ureter morphologies and compared these with ureters that were surgically resected distal to a urolithiasis obstruction in cats. Healthy ureters (total length 9.

Modified foreign body reaction to silicone imbedded in subcutaneous tissues by different mouse systemic immune conditions.

Foreign body reaction (FBR) causes unexpected adverse effects due to implanted materials in humans and animals. Inflammation and subsequent fibrosis during FBR seems to be affected by recipient immunity, such as the balance of T helper (Th) response that has the potential to regulate FBR-related macrophage function. Here, the immunological effects of FBR on subcutaneously imbedded silicone tubes (ST) at 8 weeks were investigated histologically by comparing Th1-biased C57BL/6N, Th2-biased MRL/MpJ, and autoimmune disease-prone MRL/MpJ-Fas .

Oral supplementation of policosanol alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats.

Liver fibrosis is a prevalent liver disease that requires rapid and effective treatment prior to its progression to cirrhosis and liver damage. Recently, several reports have investigated the efficacy of phytotherapy using natural herbal extracts rather than synthetic drugs to treat several liver diseases. Policosanol is a herbal extract used to treat patients with cardiovascular.

Histopathological Impact of Bleomycin on Lung Injury and Development of Mediastinal Fat-Associated Lymphoid Clusters in the Lymphoproliferative Mouse Model.

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the impact of bleomycin on the degree of lung injury and development of mediastinal fat-associated lymphoid clusters (MFALCs) in the lymphoproliferative mouse model (MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/lpr “Lpr”) and its control strain (MRL/MpJ “MpJ”). We analyzed immune cells, the degree of proliferation, lymphatic vessels (LVs), and high endothelial venules (HEVs) in lungs and MFALCs in Lpr and MpJ mice on the 7th and 21st days following intranasal instillation of either bleomycin (BLM group) or PBS (PBS group). The BLM group showed a significant increase in the size of MFALCs, lung injury score, and positive area ratios of LVs, HEVs, and immune cells (especially macrophages, B- and T-lymphocytes) on both days 7 and 21.

The Ameliorative Effect of Dexamethasone on the Development of Autoimmune Lung Injury and Mediastinal Fat-Associated Lymphoid Clusters in an Autoimmune Disease Mouse Model.

In our previous study, we revealed the ameliorative therapeutic effect of dexamethasone (Dex) for Lupus nephritis lesions in the MRL/MpJ- (Lpr) mouse model. The female Lpr mice developed a greater number of mediastinal fat-associated lymphoid clusters (MFALCs) and inflammatory lung lesions compared to the male mice. However, the effect of Dex, an immunosuppressive drug, on both lung lesions and the development of MFALCs in Lpr mice has not been identified yet.

Genital organ-associated lymphoid tissues arranged in a ring in the mucosa of cow vaginal vestibules.

Female reproductive tracts are equipped with local and mucosal immune systems; however, structural information remains unclear for farm animals. In this study, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-like structures in cow reproductive tracts were described. Vaginal vestibule (VV) and external parts of the genital organ, including the clitoris and vulva, were morphologically analyzed.