Two-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy of retinal capillary plexus oxygenation in mice.

Impaired oxygen delivery and/or consumption in the retinal tissue underlies the pathophysiology of many retinal diseases. However, the essential tools for measuring oxygen concentration in retinal capillaries and studying oxygen transport to retinal tissue are still lacking. We show that two-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy can be used to map absolute partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) in the retinal capillary plexus.

Cardiac Arrest Due to Air Embolism: Complicating Image-guided Lung Biopsy.

Cardiac arrest due to air embolism is an infrequent complication. Air embolism can be associated with procedures like endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic variceal ligation, operative hysteroscopy, laparoscopic surgery, pacemaker placement, cardiac ablation, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and decompression sickness. In rare cases, air embolus can be a catastrophic complication of computed tomography (CT) guided lung biopsy, which can lead to cardiac arrest.

Comparative efficacy of organic and inorganic amendments for cadmium and lead immobilization in contaminated soil under rice-wheat cropping system.

Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive rice-wheat cropping seasons on a yellow clay soil to assess the efficacy of organic and inorganic amendments for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) immobilization. Amendments were applied alone and in combinations to compare their efficacy for metals immobilization. Composite amendment of GSA-4 (Green Stabilizing Agent) and biochar resulted in higher biomass and grains yield for both rice (Oryza sativa L.

Real-time non-invasive in vivo visible light detection of cortical spreading depolarizations in mice.

Background: Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is a phenomenon classically associated with migraine aura. CSDs have also been implicated in secondary injury following ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury; however, most investigations involving these disease processes do not account for the occurrence of CSDs. A major barrier to detection of CSDs in experimental models is that currently validated methods are invasive and require specialized equipment and a high level of expertise to implement.

PTH assays in dialysis patients: Practical considerations.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1-84 is the main biologically active hormone produced by the parathyroid cells. Circulating PTH molecules include the whole PTH 1-84 along with amino (N) and carboxyl (C) terminal fragments. While PTH is the best available noninvasive biomarker to assess bone turnover in dialysis patients, the biological roles of individual circulating PTH fragments are still not completely known.

The dependency analysis between energy consumption, sanitation, forest area, financial development, and greenhouse gas: a continent-wise comparison of lower middle-income countries.

This study explored the long-run association among greenhouse gases (GHGs), financial development, forest area, improved sanitation, renewable energy, urbanization, and trade in 24 lower middle-income countries from Asia, Europe, Africa, and America (South and North) by using panel data from 1990 to 2015. Granger causality was tested by Toda and Yamamoto approach. The bi-directional causality was established among urbanization and GHGs (Asia), financial development and forest (Asia), energy use and renewable energy (Asia), renewable energy and forest (Asia), improved sanitation and forest (Asia, Africa, America), urbanization and forest (Asia), and improved sanitation and financial development (Europe).

General dependencies and causality analysis of road traffic fatalities in OECD countries.

The road traffic accidents were responsible for material and human loss which was equal to 2.8 to 5% of gross national product (GNP). However, literature does not explore the elasticity coefficients and nexus of road traffic fatalities with foreign direct investment, health expenditures, trade openness, mobile subscriptions, the number of researchers in R&D department, and environmental particulate matter.

Clinical Spectrum and Outcome of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in Children.

Objective: To determine clinical spectrum, neuroimaging finding and outcome of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in children.

Study Design: Descriptive and cross-sectional study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, from 2015 to 2016.

The Effect of Oral Propranolol versus Oral Corticosteroids in Management of Pediatric Hemangiomas.

Background: Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors of infancy. This study evaluated the efficacy of oral propranolol comparing to oral steroids in management of pediatric hemangiomas.

Methods: In North India from January 2012 to January 2015, sixty children <6 years old with superficial hemangiomas were divided into 2 groups; oral propranolol vs.

Phasor analysis of NADH FLIM identifies pharmacological disruptions to mitochondrial metabolic processes in the rodent cerebral cortex.

Investigating cerebral metabolism in vivo at a microscopic level is essential for understanding brain function and its pathological alterations. The intricate signaling and metabolic dynamics between neurons, glia, and microvasculature requires much more detailed understanding to better comprehend the mechanisms governing brain function and its disease-related changes. We recently demonstrated that pharmacologically-induced alterations to different steps of cerebral metabolism can be distinguished utilizing 2-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging of endogenous reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence in vivo.

Operative Management of Distal Tibial Extra-articular Fractures - Intramedullary Nail Versus Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Plate Osteosynthesis.

Background: The ideal treatment of distal tibial extra articular fractures remains controversial. Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis and intramedullary nailing are the two most commonly used methods. We did a prospective randomized controlled study to assess the functional outcome of distal tibial extra articular tibial fractures by comparing these treatment methods.

Determinants of Optogenetic Cortical Spreading Depolarizations.

Cortical spreading depolarization (SD) is the electrophysiological event underlying migraine aura, and a critical contributor to secondary damage after brain injury. Experimental models of SD have been used for decades in migraine and brain injury research; however, they are highly invasive and often cause primary tissue injury, diminishing their translational value. Here we present a non-invasive method to trigger SDs using light-induced depolarization in transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 in neurons (Thy1-ChR2-YFP).

Safety of fenbendazole in common peafowl (Pavo cristatus).

The present study was undertaken to find out the safety levels of fenbendazole in common peafowl. This bird, raised on aviaries and zoos, can be severely parasitized with Ascaridia galli (enteric worms) and Syngamus trachea (gapeworm) along with other parasitic worms. Fenbendazole is a highly effective benzimidazole-class anthelmintic in animals.

Mechanisms and Factors That Drive Extensive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Hypervariability: An Overview.

The extensive hypervariability of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) populations represents a major barrier against the success of currently available antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, it is still the most important obstacle that faces the development of an effective preventive vaccine against this infectious virus. Indeed, several factors can drive such hypervariability within and between HIV-1 patients.

The role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils during HIV-1 infection.

It is well-recognized that human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) mainly targets CD4 T cells and macrophages. Nonetheless, during the past three decades, a huge number of studies have reported that HIV-1 can directly or indirectly target other cellular components of the immune system including CD8 T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), among others. PMNs are the most abundant leukocytes in the human circulation, and are known to play principal roles in the elimination of invading pathogens, regulating different immune responses, healing of injured tissues, and maintaining mucosal homeostasis.

A Comparative Study of Lateral Extension Versus Conventional Deltopectoral Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction After Surgical Extirpation of Tumor.

Background: We investigated outcomes for nondelayed conventional deltopectoral (CDP) flaps and lateral extension deltopectoral (LEDP) flaps.

Material And Methods: Fifteen CDP flaps and 17 LEDP flaps were raised in 32 patients. All flaps were nondelayed.

Molecular MR imaging of fibrosis in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer.

Fibrosis with excessive amounts of type I collagen is a hallmark of many solid tumours, and fibrosis is a promising target in cancer therapy, but tools for its non-invasive quantification are missing. Here we used magnetic resonance imaging with a gadolinium-based probe targeted to type I collagen (EP-3533) to image and quantify fibrosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. An orthotopic syngeneic mouse model resulted in tumours with 2.

Hand Injuries by the Killer Kite Manja and Their Management.

Although hand injuries due to kite strings seem to be trivial, these injuries could be serious enough to lose the function of hand. This case series in the division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of our institution from August 2014 to January 2016 evaluated the clinic-etiological profile, severity and management of hand injuries due to kite strings assessed clinically and radiologically. Eleven patients reported kite related injuries during two years, and 5 presented during 17 months.

Fluorescence lifetime microscopy of NADH distinguishes alterations in cerebral metabolism .

Evaluating cerebral energy metabolism at microscopic resolution is important for comprehensively understanding healthy brain function and its pathological alterations. Here, we resolve specific alterations in cerebral metabolism in Sprague Dawley rats utilizing minimally-invasive 2-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging (2P-FLIM) measurements of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence. Time-resolved fluorescence lifetime measurements enable distinction of different components contributing to NADH autofluorescence.

Isolation of potentially pathogenic fungi from selected pigeons' feeding sites in Karachi: A new dimension to health hazard.

Objective: To determine the presence of pathogenic fungal strains in areas where pigeons are present in a large number.

Methods: This study was conducted at the Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, from February 2015 to March2016, and comprised samples of soil contaminated with pigeons' excreta. The samples were collected from 20 different pigeon-feeding places in the city.

Management of textile wastewater for improving growth and yield of field mustard (Brassica campestris L.).

Disposal of industrial wastewater is a current issue of urbanization. However, this problem can be sorted out by using wastewater as an alternate source of irrigation after the addition of some amendment. In this way, the problem of disposal of wastewater not only will be resolved but also scarcity of irrigation water can be kept off in the future.

N-Doped porous graphitic carbon with multi-flaky shell hollow structure prepared using a green and 'useful' template of CaCO for VOC fast adsorption and small peptide enrichment.

High N-doped porous graphitic carbons (S-NPGCs) with multi-flaky shell hollow structure were prepared by using CaCO as a green/useful template. S-NPGCs exhibit very fast adsorption for toluene (31 times that of HKUST-1) and effectively selective enrichment of small peptides with high inhibitory activity of angiotensin converting enzymes.

Primary Tuberculosis of Hand Soft Tissue.

The musculoskeletal extrapulmonary tuberculosis is uncommon, the upper extremity tuberculosis is not common and the mycobacterial involvement of skin of hands and synovial sheath of tendons is rare. This prospective observational study was undertaken between August 2014 and December 2015 in a tertiary referral hospital. Patients attending with suspected primary tuberculosis of soft tissue of the hand were included.

Two-photon microscopy measurement of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen using periarteriolar oxygen concentration gradients.

The cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen ([Formula: see text]) is an essential parameter for evaluating brain function and pathophysiology. However, the currently available approaches for quantifying [Formula: see text] rely on complex multimodal imaging and mathematical modeling. Here, we introduce a method that allows estimation of [Formula: see text] based on a single measurement modality-two-photon imaging of the partial pressure of oxygen ([Formula: see text]) in cortical tissue.

Broadly neutralizing antibodies: An approach to control HIV-1 infection.

Although available antiretroviral therapy (ART) has changed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection to a non-fatal chronic disease, the economic burden of lifelong therapy, severe adverse ART effects, daily ART adherence, and emergence of ART-resistant HIV-1 mutants require prospecting for alternative therapeutic modalities. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies (BNAbs) may offer one such feasible alternative. To evaluate their therapeutic potential in established HIV-1 infection, we sought to address recent advances in pre-clinical and clinical investigations in this area of HIV-1 research.