Retraction: Ghali MGZ, . Mechanisms underlying the generation of autonomorespiratory coupling amongst the respiratory central pattern generator, sympathetic oscillators, and cardiovagal premotoneurons. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience. 2020; 19: 521-560.

No abstract present.

Mechanisms underlying the generation of autonomorespiratory coupling amongst the respiratory central pattern generator, sympathetic oscillators, and cardiovagal premotoneurons.

The respiratory rhythm and pattern and sympathetic and parasympathetic outflows are generated by distinct, though overlapping, propriobulbar arrays of neuronal microcircuit oscillators constituting networks utilizing mutual excitatory and inhibitory neuronal interactions, residing principally within the metencephalon and myelencephalon, and modulated by synaptic influences from the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and mesencephalon and ascending influences deriving from peripheral stimuli relayed by cranial nerve afferent axons. Though the respiratory and cardiovascular regulatory effector mechanisms utilize distinct generators, there exists significant overlap and interconnectivity amongst and between these oscillators and pathways, evidenced reciprocally by breathing modulation of sympathetic oscillations and sympathetic modulation of neural breathing. These coupling mechanisms are well-demonstrated coordinately in sympathetic- and respiratory-related central neuronal and efferent neurogram recordings and quantified by the findings of cross-correlation, spectra, and coherence analyses, combined with empirical interventions including lesioning and pharmacological agonist and antagonist microinjection studies, baroloading, barounloading, and hypoxic and/or hypercapnic peripheral and/or central chemoreceptor stimulation.

Structure and function of the perivascular fluid compartment and vertebral venous plexus: Illumining a novel theory on mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's, cerebral small vessel, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Blood dynamically and richly supplies the cerebral tissue via microvessels invested in pia matter perforating the cerebral substance. Arteries penetrating the cerebral substance derive an investment from one or two successive layers of pia mater, luminally apposed to the pial-glial basal lamina of the microvasculature and abluminally apposed to a series of aquaporin IV-studded astrocytic end feet constituting the soi-disant glia limitans. The full investment of successive layers forms the variably continuous walls of the periarteriolar, pericapillary, and perivenular divisions of the perivascular fluid compartment.

Galenic Pial Arteriovenous Fistulas in Adults.

Background: Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VOGMs) are pial arteriovenous fistulas possessing Galenic venous drainage most commonly presenting during the neonatal period and infancy, with initial discovery during adulthood quite rare.

Objectives And Methods: We conducted a literature survey of the PubMed database in order to identify Galenic pial arteriovenous fistulas (GPAVFs) with major manifestation or initial presentation during adulthood. Inclusionary criteria included pial AVFs with Galenic drainage with major manifestation or initial presentation at, or older than, 18 years.

β-Adrenergic receptor structure and function: molecular insights guiding the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat malignancy.

β adrenergic receptors mediate effects activation of G proteins, transactivation of membrane growth factor receptors, or β adrenergic receptor-β arrestin-facilitated scaffold-mediated signaling. Agonist occupancy of the β adrenergic receptor induces desensitization by promoting β adrenergic receptor kinase phosphorylation of the carboxyl terminal domain, facilitating binding of the amino terminal of the β arrestin, which sterically inhibits interactions between β adrenergic receptors and G proteins and induces clathrin-coated pit-mediated receptor endocytosis. Scaffold formation promoted by β arrestin binding to the β adrenergic receptor activates extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 in a manner which elicits cytosolic retention of, and prevents promotion of nuclear transcriptional activity by, mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Topographic Classification of the Thalamus Surfaces Related to Microneurosurgery: A White Matter Fiber Microdissection Study.

Objective: To describe the topographic anatomy of surgically accessible surfaces of the human thalamus as a guide to surgical exploration of this sensitive area.

Methods: Using the operating microscope, we applied the fiber microdissection technique to study 10 brain specimens. Step-by-step dissections in superior-inferior, medial-lateral, and posterior-anterior directions were conducted to expose the surfaces and nuclei of the thalamus and to investigate the relevant anatomic relationships and visible connections.

Evaluating the importance of the tentorial angle in the paramedian supracerebellar-transtentorial approach for selective amygdalohippocampectomy.

Objective: A challenging step of the paramedian supracerebellar-transtentorial approach is to expose the anterior portion of the mediobasal-temporal region (MTR), a step that seems most affected by the steepness of the tentorium. The objective of this study was to define magnetic resonance imaging measurements that can predict the level of challenge in exposing the anterior portion of the MTR.

Methods: Cranial magnetic resonance imaging studies of 100 healthy individuals were examined.

Failure of a Torkildsen shunt after functioning for 50 years.

Mechanical obstruction is a severe complication of ventricular catheter use. Its incidence was shown to be high in the 1960s and 1970s, with up to 41% of the catheters becoming obstructed within 10 years after surgery. The authors present what is to their knowledge the first reported case of a patient with failure of a Torkildsen shunt after 50 years of functioning.

The selective amygdalohippocampectomy for intractable temporal limbic seizures.

Object: The proximal (anterior) transsylvian approach through a pterional craniotomy was developed by the senior author (M.G.Y.

Liquor cotunnii: the history of cerebrospinal fluid in Domenico Cotugno's work.

Domenico Cotugno was a famous physician who lived in Naples in the 18th century. At the age of only 25 years, he published an important book on the anatomy of the inner ear that contained some theories concerning the physiology of hearing, the later developments of which were associated with the name of Hermann von Helmholtz. Three years later, he wrote a book on the physiopathological causes of sciatic pain, in which, for the first time in medical history, he differentiated true sciatic pain from the pain attributable to secondary causes.

Surgery of intraventricular tumors.

The deep location and eloquent surroundings of the ventricular system within the brain have historically posed significant and often formidable challenges for the optimal resection of tumors in these locations. The evolution and advances in microsurgical techniques and neuroanatomic knowledge have led to a general paradigm shift from transcerebral trajectories to transcisternal corridor strategies. The essence of microsurgery of the ventricular system has evolved around the concept of circumnavigating eloquent cortical and white matter structures to achieve minimally invasive access and resection while optimizing functional and cognitive outcomes.

The relationship of the fronto-temporal branches of the facial nerve to the fascias of the temporal region: a literature review applied to practical anatomical dissection.

The understanding of the course of the facial nerve and its relationship to the different connective tissue layers in the temporal area is paramount to preserving this nerve during surgery. But the use of different nomenclatures for anatomical structures such as for the different fascial layers or fat pads in the temporal region as well as the difference in description of the course of the fronto-temporal branches of the facial nerve in relationship to the fascial layers can lead to confusion. Therefore we have reviewed the literature about this topic and tried to apply the information to practical anatomical dissection.

"Triple cross" of the hypoglossal nerve and its microsurgical impact to entrapment disorders.

Objective: Cadaveric dissections were performed to review the intracranial and extracranial course of the hypoglossal nerve. The neurological significance of a newly defined "triple cross" of the hypoglossal nerve is discussed.

Materials And Methods: 10 cadaveric heads (left and right; 20 sides) were dissected using microsurgical techniques.

Microsurgical anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve.

The aim of the present study was to review the surgical anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve (HN), to reveal its relationships on its course and to provide some landmarks to its identification. Ten cadaveric head dissections (20 sides) were performed using microsurgical techniques. The anatomical relationships between the HN and other nerves, muscles, arteries and veins were carefully recorded, and some measurements were made between the HN and related structures.

Surgical anatomy of supratentorial midline lesions.

Object: In this paper the authors correlate the surgical aspects of deep median and paramedian supratentorial lesions with the connective fiber systems of the white matter of the brain.

Methods: The cerebral hemispheres of 10 cadaveric brains were dissected in a mediolateral direction by using the fiber dissection technique, corresponding to the surgical approach.

Conclusions: This study illuminates the delicacy of the intertwined and stratified fiber laminae of the white matter, and establishes that these structures can be preserved at surgical exploration in patients.

De novo cerebellar medulloblastoma in a 26-year recurrence-free case of temporal glioblastoma multiforme. Case report.

The authors describe a patient who survived 26 years after resection of a right temporal glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) without signs of tumor recurrence. Preoperative emergency angiography demonstrated a hypovascular mass localized in the right temporal lobe with right-to-left shift of the vascular structures. At surgery, the tumor had cystic and solid components localized in the lateral occipitotemporal gyrus, reaching the posterolateral wall of the inferior horn of the right lateral ventricle and extending to the trigone and posterior horn.

The art of alleviating pain in greek mythology.

We reviewed many of the essential Greek myths to identify the methods used at that time to relieve the pain of both illness and surgery, and we discovered many pioneering methods. Both gods and demigods implemented these methods to ease pain, to conduct surgery, and, on occasion, to kill mythological beings. The myths describe the three most common components of anesthesia: hypnosis, amnesia, and (an)algesia.

Microsurgery for malignant gliomas.

Reflections directly involving the ongoing, intense research activities in biology, the neurosciences and in neurosurgery are discussed including the evolving diagnostic and treatment modalities of primary and secondary malignant gliomas of the central nervous system. The etiology of this enigmatic disease remains obscure, and a curative therapy is still not available. Nevertheless, as a result of changing paradigms in neuroanatomy, neuropathology, neurophysiology, neuroradiology and in neurosurgery, and taking into account the broader selection of adjuvant therapies available, well circumscribed malignant gliomas, which are in predilected compartments of the brain, can be efficiently resected.