Heavy Metals in Dialysis Fluid and Blood Samples from Hemodialysis Patients in Dialysis Centers in Baghdad, Iraq.

Background: The kidney is the first target organ of heavy metal toxicity due to its capacity to reabsorb and accumulate divalent metals. Hemodialysis therapy is used to purify the blood of individuals with impaired kidney function.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between dialysis fluid quality and the health of hemodialysis patients.

Assessment of microbial contamination levels of water in hemodialysis centers in Baghdad, Iraq.

Monitoring water quality in hemodialysis systems is extremely important to maintain adequate quality services for patients suffering from kidney failure. This work aims to examine and evaluate bacteriological characteristics and endotoxin contamination levels in hemodialysis water produced in dialysis centers. Forty-eight water samples were collected and analyzed from four major hospitals in Baghdad for one year to evaluate seasonal effects.