Claude, ChatGPT, Copilot, and Gemini Performance versus Students in Different Topics of Neuroscience.

Despite extensive studies on large language models and their capability to respond to questions from various licensed exams, there has been limited focus on employing chatbots for specific subjects within the medical curriculum, specifically medical neuroscience. This research compared the performances of Claude 3.5 Sonnet (Anthropic), GPT-3.

The imperative of the child life profession in KSA in transforming the quality of pediatric healthcare.

Saudi Arabia has made substantial advancements in its pediatric healthcare infrastructure. However, substantial gaps persist in addressing hospitalized children's emotional safety, and psychosocial and developmental needs. Internationally, the child life profession has evolved over decades to specifically address these needs, through interventions such as therapeutic play, age-appropriate patient education, and family support.

Emerging role of exosomal microRNA in liver cancer in the era of precision medicine; potential and challenges.

Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have great potential in the fight against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In this study, we explored the various applications of these small molecules while analyzing their complex roles in tumor development, metastasis, and changes in the tumor microenvironment. We also discussed the complex interactions that exist between exosomal miRNAs and other non-coding RNAs such as circular RNAs, and show how these interactions coordinate important biochemical pathways that propel the development of HCC.

Biosensing of Alpha-Fetoprotein: A Key Direction toward the Early Detection and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Associated risk factors include, but are not limited to, cirrhosis and underlying liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis B or C infections, excessive alcohol consumption, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and exposure to chemical carcinogens. It is crucial to detect this disease early on before it metastasizes to adjoining parts of the body, worsening the prognosis.

Bioengineered Organoids Offer New Possibilities for Liver Cancer Studies: A Review of Key Milestones and Challenges.

Hepatic cancer is widely regarded as the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite recent advances in treatment options, the prognosis of liver cancer remains poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more representative in vitro models of liver cancer for pathophysiology and drug screening studies.

Gut-Modulating Agents and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a highly fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive wasting and paralysis of voluntary muscle. Despite extensive research, the etiology of ALS remains elusive, and effective treatment options are limited. However, recent evidence implicates gut dysbiosis and gut-brain axis (GBA) dysfunction in ALS pathogenesis.

A Hypothetical Approach to Concentrate Microorganisms from Human Urine Samples Using Paper-Based Adsorbents for Point-of-Care Molecular Assays.

This hypothesis demonstrates that the efficiency of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for nucleic acid detection can be positively influenced by the preconcentration of microbial cells onto hydrophobic paper surfaces. The mechanism of this model is based on the high affinity of microbes towards hydrophobic surfaces. Extensive studies have demonstrated that hydrophobic surfaces exhibit enhanced bacterial and fungal adhesion.

How Neutrophils Shape the Immune Response: Reassessing Their Multifaceted Role in Health and Disease.

Neutrophils are the most abundant of the circulating immune cells and are the first to be recruited to sites of inflammation. Neutrophils are a heterogeneous group of immune cells from which are derived extracellular traps (NETs), reactive oxygen species, cytokines, chemokines, immunomodulatory factors, and alarmins that regulate the recruitment and phenotypes of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. In addition, cytokine-stimulated neutrophils can express class II major histocompatibility complex and the internal machinery necessary for successful antigen presentation to memory CD4 T cells.

A DNA Methylation Perspective on Infertility.

Infertility affects a significant number of couples worldwide and its incidence is increasing. While assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have revolutionized the treatment landscape of infertility, a significant number of couples present with an idiopathic cause for their infertility, hindering effective management. Profiling the genome and transcriptome of infertile men and women has revealed abnormal gene expression.

Cellular senescence in brain aging and cognitive decline.

Cellular senescence is a biological aging hallmark that plays a key role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the effectiveness of senotherapies for these diseases. However, the impact of senescence on brain aging and cognitive decline in the absence of neurodegeneration remains uncertain.

NETs, infections, and antimicrobials: a complex interplay.

In response to a range of stimuli, neutrophils produce web-like structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The benefits of NETs in pathogen control are commonly offset by excessive release as part of a pro-inflammatory response, as shown in several disorders. The discovery of potential drugs that regulate NET release has helped to enhance our understanding of the role of NETs in immunological protection, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune disorders.

Neutrophil extracellular traps and long COVID.

Post-acute COVID-19 sequelae, commonly known as long COVID, encompasses a range of systemic symptoms experienced by a significant number of COVID-19 survivors. The underlying pathophysiology of long COVID has become a topic of intense research discussion. While chronic inflammation in long COVID has received considerable attention, the role of neutrophils, which are the most abundant of all immune cells and primary responders to inflammation, has been unfortunately overlooked, perhaps due to their short lifespan.

Reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment: exploiting angiogenesis and thrombosis to enhance immunotherapy.

This review focuses on the immunosuppressive effects of tumor angiogenesis and coagulation on the tumor microenvironment (TME). We summarize previous research efforts leveraging these observations and targeting these processes to enhance immunotherapy outcomes. Clinical trials have documented improved outcomes when combining anti-angiogenic agents and immunotherapy.

Cerebrospinal fluid microRNAs as potential biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading form of dementia worldwide, but its early detection and diagnosis remain a challenge. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small endogenous RNA molecules that regulate mRNA expression. Recent evidence suggests miRNAs play an important role in the five major hallmarks of AD pathophysiology: amyloidogenesis, tauopathy, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal death.

Emerging Biosensing Methods to Monitor Lung Cancer Biomarkers in Biological Samples: A Comprehensive Review.

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed of all cancers and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths among men and women worldwide, causing 1.5 million deaths every year. Despite developments in cancer treatment technologies and new pharmaceutical products, high mortality and morbidity remain major challenges for researchers.

Tackling the glial scar in spinal cord regeneration: new discoveries and future directions.

Axonal regeneration and functional recovery are poor after spinal cord injury (SCI), typified by the formation of an injury scar. While this scar was traditionally believed to be primarily responsible for axonal regeneration failure, current knowledge takes a more holistic approach that considers the intrinsic growth capacity of axons. Targeting the SCI scar has also not reproducibly yielded nearly the same efficacy in animal models compared to these neuron-directed approaches.