Deep two-photon voltage imaging with adaptive excitation.

Optical imaging of neuronal voltage dynamics is invaluable to studying brain functions. However, high-speed imaging at significant depth is challenging due to the limitations of the short pixel dwell time and the maximum permissible excitation power in tissues. We report high-speed, deep voltage imaging by applying adaptive excitation, which illuminates the regions of interest only.

Plasma transfusion in the intensive care unit.

Background: Current guidelines discourage prophylactic plasma use in non-bleeding patients. This study assesses global plasma transfusion practices in the intensive care unit (ICU) and their alignment with current guidelines.

Study Design And Methods: This was a sub-study of an international, prospective, observational cohort.

Interoception and gut-brain communication.

Interoception - the internal sensing of bodily states and their communication to the brain - has recently become a 'buzzword'. However, the scientific study of how the brain and the body communicate has a much longer and well-established history. In the 16 century, the French philosopher and scientist René Descartes (1596-1650) proposed that the mind and body are two fundamentally distinct entities, yet they interact with each other to regulate animal and human behaviors.

A gut-brain-gut interoceptive circuit loop gates sugar ingestion in .

The communication between the brain and digestive tract is critical for optimising nutrient preference and food intake, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a gut-brain-gut circuit loop gates sugar ingestion in flies. We discovered that brain neurons regulating food ingestion, IN1, receive excitatory input from enteric sensory neurons, which innervate the oesophagus and express the sugar receptor .

Acquired antithrombin deficiency in adult patients with postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between acquired antithrombin deficiency in patients undergoing postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (PC-ECMO) and thromboembolic or haemorrhagic events such as bleeding, peripheral arterial thromboembolism, and ischemic cerebrovascular events.

Methods: The study was designed as a single-center, prospective study and conducted at our hospital between November 2019 and June 2021. 50 patients who underwent ECMO due to postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock were included in the study.

Exploration-exploitation trade-off is regulated by metabolic state and taste value in .

Similar to other animals, the fly, changes its foraging strategy from exploration to exploitation upon encountering a nutrient-rich food source. However, the impact of metabolic state or taste/nutrient value on exploration vs. exploitation decisions in flies is poorly understood.

regulates gustatory habituation in sweet taste neurons and mediates sugar ingestion in .

Similar to other animals, the fly, reduces its responsiveness to tastants with repeated exposure, a phenomenon called gustatory habituation. Previous studies have focused on the circuit basis of gustatory habituation in the fly chemosensory system. However, gustatory neurons reduce their firing rate during repeated stimulation, suggesting that cell-autonomous mechanisms also contribute to habituation.

Red Blood Cell Transfusion in the Intensive Care Unit.

Importance: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is common among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Despite multiple randomized clinical trials of hemoglobin (Hb) thresholds for transfusion, little is known about how these thresholds are incorporated into current practice.

Objective: To evaluate and describe ICU RBC transfusion practices worldwide.

Nilay Yapici.

Interview with Nilay Yapici, who studies Drosophila behavior and neuroscience at Cornell University.

Visual feedback neurons fine-tune Drosophila male courtship via GABA-mediated inhibition.

Many species of animals use vision to regulate their social behaviors. However, the molecular and circuit mechanisms underlying visually guided social interactions remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the Drosophila ortholog of the human GABA-receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) is required in a class of visual feedback neurons, lamina tangential (Lat) cells, to fine-tune male courtship.

CASUS and APACHE II score in predicting mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting.

Background: This study aims to compare Cardiac Surgery Score (CASUS) and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) scoring systems for predicting mortality in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting.

Methods: Between January 2019 and March 2019, a total of 204 patients (166 males, 38 females; mean age: 60.5±0.

Eating regulation: How diet impacts food cognition.

How diet alters brain physiology and impacts cognitive functions is poorly understood in any species. A new study has shown that a high-sugar diet disrupts the formation of food-odor associations in the brain of the fly Drosophila melanogaster in a manner that leads to increased food intake.

Effect of menthol lozenges after extubation on thirst, nausea, physiological parameters, and comfort in cardiovascular surgery patients: A randomized controlled trial.

Objectives: To determine the effect of post-extubation oral menthol lozenges on thirst, nausea, physiological parameters, and comfort level in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.

Research Methodology/design: The study was a single-centre, randomized controlled trial.

Setting: This study included 119 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery in a training and research hospital.

GABA-mediated inhibition in visual feedback neurons fine-tunes male courtship.

Vision is critical for the regulation of mating behaviors in many species. Here, we discovered that the ortholog of human GABA -receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) is required to fine-tune male courtship by modulating the activity of visual feedback neurons, lamina tangential cells (Lat). GABARAP is a ubiquitin-like protein that regulates cell-surface levels of GABA receptors.

Neuromuscular embodiment of feedback control elements in flight.

While insects such as are flying, aerodynamic instabilities require that they make millisecond time scale adjustments to their wing motion to stay aloft and on course. These stabilization reflexes can be modeled as a proportional-integral (PI) controller; however, it is unclear how such control might be instantiated in insects at the level of muscles and neurons. Here, we show that the b1 and b2 motor units-prominent components of the fly's steering muscle system-modulate specific elements of the PI controller: the angular displacement (integral) and angular velocity (proportional), respectively.

Effect of delta carbon dioxide and lactate on prognosis in patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

Background: To identify individuals with an increased mortality and morbidity risk after surgery, different parameters showing impaired tissue perfusion/oxygenation have been investigated, and the balance between tissue oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery has been evaluated in detecting organ failure.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of central venous--arterial partial carbon dioxide difference (ΔPCO) and lactate (ΔLAC) values within the first week after discharge in predicting mortality in patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

Patients And Methods: A total of 102 patients between February and April 2020 were included in the study.

Of flies, mice and neural control of food intake: lessons to learn from both models.

In her book, A Room of One's Own, the famous author Virginia Woolf writes "One cannot think well, love well, sleep well if one has not dined well". This is true. All animals need to forage for food and consume specific nutrients to maintain their physiological homeostasis, maximize their fitness and their reproduction.

Recovery from cold-induced reproductive dormancy is regulated by temperature-dependent AstC signaling.

Animals have evolved a variety of behaviors to cope with adverse environmental conditions. Similar to other insects, the fly, Drosophila melanogaster, responds to sustained cold by reducing its metabolic rate and arresting its reproduction. Here, we show that a subset of dorsal neurons (DN3s) that express the neuropeptide allatostatin C (AstC) facilitates recovery from cold-induced reproductive dormancy.

Spatially resolved measurements of ballistic and total transmission in microscale tissue samples from 450 nm to 1624 nm.

We built a simple and versatile setup to measure tissue ballistic and total transmission with customizable wavelength range, spatial resolution, and sample sizes. We performed ballistic transmission and total transmission measurements of overlying structures from biological samples . We obtained spatially resolved transmission maps to reveal transmission heterogeneity from five microscale tissue samples: skin, mouse skull bone, mosquito cuticle, wasp cuticle, and rat dura over a wide spectral range from 450 nm to 1624 nm at a spatial resolution of ∼25 m for ballistic transmission measurements and ∼50 m for total transmission measurements.

Multiphoton imaging of neural structure and activity in through the intact cuticle.

We developed a multiphoton imaging method to capture neural structure and activity in behaving flies through the intact cuticle. Our measurements showed that the fly head cuticle has surprisingly high transmission at wavelengths >900nm, and the difficulty of through-cuticle imaging is due to the air sacs and/or fat tissue underneath the head cuticle. By compressing or removing the air sacs, we performed multiphoton imaging of the fly brain through the intact cuticle.

Novel Dual-Organelle-Targeting Probe (RCPP) for Simultaneous Measurement of Organellar Acidity and Alkalinity in Living Cells.

Many organelles, such as lysosomes and mitochondria, maintain a pH that is different from the cytoplasmic pH. These pH differences have important functional ramifications for those organelles. Many cellular events depend upon a well-compartmentalized distribution of H ions spanning the membrane for the optimal function.

Emerging Applications of Boron Nitride Nanotubes in Energy Harvesting, Electronics, and Biomedicine.

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are structurally and mechanically similar to carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In contrast, BNNTs exhibit unique properties for being electrically insulating and optically transparent due to the polarized boron nitride bonds. All these properties have prevented the use of BNNTs for energy harvesting and electronic devices for more than 25 years.

Risk factors for vasoplegia after coronary artery bypass and valve surgery.

Introduction: Vasoplegia denotes a state of low tissue perfusion characterized by hypotension, tachycardia, and low systemic vascular resistance. This state results in increased mortality and morbidity following cardiac surgery. A better understanding of the associated risk factors will guide the surgical team in patient management.