Publications by authors named "YaoKai Chen"

Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death as they are responsible for the loss of at least 17 million lives annually. It has been established that the pathogenesis of CVDs is strongly associated both with inflammation as well as with inflammatory markers (proteins, cytokines, amongst others). In this perspective, the role of one of these proinflammatory proteins, referred to as P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL)-1, is of particular interest.

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Background: Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB-D) have potential toxic effects in the treatment of talaromycosis, and high-quality, non-generic liposomal AmB (L-AMB) is still inaccessible in many regions of China. As such, the efficacy and safety of alternative drugs warrant further investigation for the management of talaromycosis. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion (ABCD) and AmB-D for the treatment of talaromycosis in a retrospective cohort of HIV-infected patients.

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Background: It has been previously demonstrated that intestinal barrier damage is one of the underlying mechanisms leading to frailty in non-HIV-infected aging populations. However, there is a paucity of direct evidence which demonstrates the association between intestinal barrier damage and frailty in people living with HIV (PLWH).

Methods: The present study is a retrospective case control study.

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  • A study in Chongqing, Southwest China, explored changes in scarlet fever incidence from 2005 to 2023, noting a focus on predicting cases in 2024 and 2025 amidst the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Research showed a total of 9,593 reported cases, with children aged 3-7, particularly 6-year-olds, being the most affected group; the incidence was notably higher in boys and peaked seasonally in spring and late fall.
  • Spatial analysis indicated scarlet fever outbreaks were concentrated in urban areas, with a significant rise in cases after COVID restrictions, showing a 106.54% increase in incidence from 2015-2019 and fluctuating decreases during the
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The immunopathogenesis of HIV infection remains poorly understood. Despite the widespread use of effective modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) are known to develop several comorbidities, including type 1 diabetes (T1DM). However, the etiology and critical mechanisms accounting for the onset of T1DM in the preceding context remain unknown.

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Background: Patients who were infected by the HIV) could have weakened immunity that is complicated by opportunistic infections, especially for (MTB). Notably, the HIV-MTB co-infection will accelerate the course of disease progress and greatly increase the mortality of patients. Since the traditional diagnostic methods are time-consuming and have low sensitivity, we aim to investigate the performance of mNGS (metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing) and mNPS (metagenomic NanoPore Sequencing) for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has evolved into an established global pandemic over the past four decades; however, despite massive research investment globally, the precise underlying mechanisms which are fundamental to HIV-related pathogenesis remain unclear. Single cell ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing methods are increasingly being used for the identification of specific cell-type transcriptional changes in HIV infection. In this scoping review, we have considered information extracted from fourteen published HIV-associated single-cell RNA sequencing-related studies, hoping to throw light on the underlying mechanisms of HIV infection and pathogenesis, and to explore potential candidate biomarkers for HIV disease progression and antiviral treatment.

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Different host proteins target different HIV proteins and antagonize their functions, depending on the stage of the HIV life cycle and the stage of infection. Concurrently, HIV proteins also target and antagonize various different host proteins to facilitate HIV replication within host cells. The preceding quite specific area of knowledge in HIV pathogenesis, however, remains insufficiently understood.

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HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is now recognized to be relatively common in people living with HIV (PLWH), and remains a common cause of cognitive impairment. Unfortunately, the fundamental pathogenic processes underlying this specific outcome of HIV infection have not as yet been fully elucidated. With increased interest in research related to the microbiota-gut-brain axis, the gut-brain axis has been shown to play critical roles in regulating central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

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  • The study aimed to examine the prevalence and drug resistance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), particularly Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC), in Chongqing, China, focusing on clarithromycin susceptibility.
  • Researchers collected 434 patient isolates and tested them for resistance to various antibiotics, finding that 22.6% were MABC, with significant resistance patterns observed involving specific mutations.
  • The findings suggest that certain genetic markers can help predict the susceptibility of MABC to macrolide antibiotics, which is crucial for treatment strategies.
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Background: We compared the efficacy and safety profiles of ainuovirine (ANV), a new-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), with boosted elvitegravir (EVG), both coformulated with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) who had achieved virological suppression on previous NNRTI-based antiretroviral (ARV) regimen.

Methods: This study was a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial recruiting PLWH from 10 clinical centres across China. Main inclusion criteria included age of 18-65 years (inclusive), and stably staying on an ARV regimen combining an NNRTI with a two-drug NRTI backbone for at least 12 months.

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In this research, we investigated the role of PIK3R6, a regulatory subunit of PI3Kγ, known for its tumor-promoting properties, in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Utilizing the UALCAN website, we found PIK3R6 upregulated in CCRCC, correlating with lower survival rates. We compared PIK3R6 expression in CCRCC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues using immunohistochemistry.

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Tumor-specific T cells are crucial in anti-tumor immunity and act as targets for cancer immunotherapies. However, these cells are numerically scarce and functionally exhausted in the tumor microenvironment (TME), leading to inefficacious immunotherapies in most patients with cancer. By contrast, emerging evidence suggested that tumor-irrelevant bystander T (T) cells are abundant and preserve functional memory properties in the TME.

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Background: Immunological non-responders (INRs) among people living with HIV have inherently higher mortality and morbidity rates. The underlying immunological mechanisms whereby failure of immune reconstitution occurs in INRs require elucidation.

Method: HIV-1 DNA and HIV-1 cell-associated RNA (CA-HIV RNA) quantifications were conducted via RT-qPCR.

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  • Men who have sex with men (MSM) with experience in oral PrEP are generally willing to adopt long-acting injectable PrEP (LAI-PrEP), with 77.8% expressing interest in free LAI-PrEP.
  • Factors influencing this willingness include a higher number of sexual partners, male partners with unknown HIV statuses, and recreational drug use, while those who used event-driven oral PrEP and had poor adherence to oral PrEP were less inclined to switch to LAI-PrEP.
  • Findings suggest that LAI-PrEP could enhance PrEP coverage, but special attention is needed for those struggling with adherence to existing oral PrEP methods.
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Background: Despite the introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy, the clinical outcomes of HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma (BL) remain poor.

Methods: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and outcomes of HIV-associated BL, we conducted a retrospective analysis of patients from multiple centers in China.

Results: The study included 41 patients from 8 medical centers.

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P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) has been established to be a cell adhesion molecule that is involved in the cellular rolling mechanism and the extravasation cascade, enabling the recruitment of immune cells to sites of inflammation. In recent years, researchers have established that PSGL-1 also functions as an HIV restriction factor. PSGL-1 has been shown to inhibit the HIV reverse transcription process and inhibit the infectivity of HIV virions produced by cells expressing PSGL-1.

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Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells with self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation potential and possess the functions of immunomodulation, regulation of cell growth, and repair of damage. Over recent years, MSCs have been found to regulate the secretion of inflammatory factors and to exert regulatory effects on various lymphocytes in inflammatory states, and on the subsequent repair of tissue damage caused by inflammation. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of tissue inflammation on the characteristics of MSCs.

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  • HIV-positive individuals often experience cognitive, motor, and mood disorders known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), which relate to infection and HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system.
  • The text discusses how HIV may impact cognitive functions and intelligence, reviewing concepts of intelligence and differences in IQ scores between HIV-positive and negative individuals.
  • It also highlights the less-explored influence of gut health on intelligence in people with HIV, proposing a gut-brain connection and suggesting areas for future research to better understand these relationships.
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  • The study aimed to create a nomogram model to predict the risk of tracheobronchial tuberculosis (TBTB) in patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), as early detection can prevent severe complications like bronchial stenosis or occlusion.
  • The research involved analyzing data from 2,153 PTB patients, using advanced statistical methods to identify key predictors and validate the model’s accuracy with strong metrics like C-statistics and sensitivity/specificity rates.
  • The final nomogram model showed promising results in distinguishing high-risk patients, demonstrating significant clinical utility and the potential to improve patient outcomes through timely interventions.
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  • People living with HIV (PLWH) often have altered gut epithelium, which affects immune activation and allows for the movement of microbial products; however, research on their fungal microbiome is limited.
  • A prospective study examined the antifungal terbinafine's impact on gut permeability and microbiome in ART-treated PLWH, finding that it reduced fungal abundance and changed immune markers like I-FABP and IL-6 during treatment.
  • Although terbinafine significantly decreased fungal levels, it only had minor effects on gut permeability and bacterial microbiome composition, indicating a need for further research with larger, diverse samples.
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  • The intestinal epithelial barrier is crucial in the progression of HIV disease, but its damage in different patient groups is not well understood.
  • A study compared intestinal damage and related markers among immunological responders (IRs), immunological non-responders (INRs), and healthy controls.
  • It found that both IRs and INRs had persistent intestinal damage, with INRs showing more severe damage, which was linked to higher HIV DNA levels and lower CD4 T cell counts.
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Globally, HIV infection causes significant morbidity and mortality, and is a major public health problem. Despite the fact that widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has substantially altered the natural history of HIV infection from originally being a universally lethal disease to now being a chronic medical condition for those taking appropriate treatment, approximately 10-40% of people living with HIV (PLWH) who take effective ART and maintain long-term viral suppression fail to achieve normalization of CD4 + T-cell counts. This phenomenon is referred to as incomplete immune reconstitution or immunological non-response.

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Background: This study's objective was to investigate the predictors for severe anemia, severe leukopenia, and severe thrombocytopenia when amphotericin B deoxycholate-based induction therapy is used in HIV-infected patients with talaromycosis.

Methods: A total of 170 HIV-infected patients with talaromycosis were enrolled from January 1st, 2019, to September 30th, 2020.

Results: Approximately 42.

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