Construction of cell-containing, anisotropic, three-dimensional collagen fibril scaffolds using external vibration and their influence on smooth muscle cell phenotype modulation.

Numerous methods have been developed for preparing guiding channels/tracks to promote the alignment of highly oriented cell types. However, these manufacture methods cannot fabricate interconnected guiding channels within three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. Providing a suitable architectural scaffold for cell attachment could lead cells to more rapidly display a desired phenotype and perform their unique functions.

External vibration enhances macromolecular crowding for construction of aligned three-dimensional collagen fibril scaffolds.

There are many techniques for preparing two-dimensional aligned fibril matrices. However, the critical problem associated with these techniques is the destruction of the native structure (e.g.