Critical transition of multifunctional stability induced by nitrogen enrichment in grasslands differing in degradation severity.

Nitrogen (N) enrichment poses a severe threat to ecosystem multifunctionality. Given increasing variability of ecosystem functioning and uncertainty under global change, a pressing question is how N enrichment affects temporal stability of multiple functions (i.e.

Nitrogen deficiency in soil mediates multifunctionality responses to global climatic drivers.

Natural and anthropogenic processes that decrease the availability of nitrogen (N) frequently occur in soil. Losses of N may limit the multiple functions linked to carbon, N and phosphorous cycling of soil (soil multifunctionality, SMF). Microbial communities and SMF are intimately linked.

Low-cost and easily prepared interface layer towards efficient and negligible hysteresis perovskite solar cells.

Matched energy level alignment and minimal non-radiative recombination at the buried perovskite/charge transport material interface are essential for efficient electron transfer and highly-efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we develop a facile and feasible method by inserting Cesium(I) Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (CsTFSI) interlayer to fabricate high performance PSCs with negligible hysteresis. With CsTFSI modification, tin oxide displays less trap density, improved electrical conductivity and better energy level alignment with perovskite, leading to a considerable increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE).