Liver transcriptome and proteome are modulated by nutrient restriction in early lactation cows challenged with intramammary lipopolysaccharide.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of nutrient restriction on liver function 24 h after an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in early lactation cows using transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. Multiparous Holstein cows were fed a lactation diet (CONT, n = 8) throughout the study or were switched to a diet diluted with barley straw (48 % DM) for 96 h (REST, n = 8) starting at 24 (18 to 30) days in milk. At 72 h, a healthy rear mammary quarter was infused with 50 μg of LPS in all cows.

Milk fat miRNome changes in response to LPS challenge in Holstein cows.

Mastitis is an inflammatory disease in dairy cows, causing economic losses and reducing animal welfare. In order to contribute for the discovery of early and noninvasive indicators, our objective was to determine the effects of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on the microRNA profile (miRNome) of milk fat, using microarray analyses in cows. Cows were fed a lactation diet at ad libitum intake (n = 6).

Comparative transcriptome analysis of goat (Capra hircus) adipose tissue reveals physiological regulation of body reserve recovery after the peak of lactation.

Adipose tissue is the energy storage organ providing energy to other tissues, including mammary gland, that supports the achievement of successive lactation cycles. Our objective was to investigate the ability of goats to restore body fat reserves by comparing lipogenic enzyme activities and by transcriptomic RNA-Seq data at two different physiological stages, mid- and post-lactation. Key lipogenic enzyme activities were higher in goat omental adipose tissue during mid-lactation (74 days in milk) than during the post-lactation period (300 days postpartum).

Nutritional Regulation of Mammary Gland Development and Milk Synthesis in Animal Models and Dairy Species.

In mammals, milk is essential for the growth, development, and health. Milk quantity and quality are dependent on mammary development, strongly influenced by nutrition. This review provides an overview of the data on nutritional regulations of mammary development and gene expression involved in milk component synthesis.

Nutrigenomic analyses reveal miRNAs and mRNAs affected by feed restriction in the mammary gland of midlactation dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feed restriction on mammary miRNAs and coding gene expression in midlactation cows. Five Holstein cows and 6 Montbéliarde cows underwent 6 days of feed restriction, during which feed allowance was reduced to meet 50% of their net energy for lactation requirements. Mammary biopsies were performed before and at the end of the restriction period.

Different miRNA contents between mammary epithelial cells and milk fat globules: a random or a targeted process?

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs present in milk-derived extracellular vesicles and milk fat globules (MFG). Nucleic acid content between the lactating mammary tissue (MT) and MFG are quite similar but discrepancies exist in their miRNA content. Our objective was to identify the origin of these discrepancies, and to evaluate the existence of a possible mechanism sorting miRNAs that will or will not be exported from the mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in bovine MFG.

Undernutrition combined with dietary mineral oil hastens depuration of stored dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls in ewes. 2. Tissue distribution, mass balance and body burden.

Food safety crises involving persistent organic pollutants (POPs) lead to systematic slaughter of livestock to prevent contaminants from entering the food chain. Therefore, there is a need to develop strategies to depurate livestock moderately contaminated with POPs to reduce economic and social damage. This study aimed to test undernutrition (37% of energy requirements) combined with mineral oil (10% in total dry matter intake) in nine non-lactating ewes contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 126 and 153 as a strategy to enhance the depuration of POPs through faecal excretion.

Undernutrition combined with dietary mineral oil hastens depuration of stored dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls in ewes. 1. Kinetics in blood, adipose tissue and faeces.

Food safety crises involving persistent organic pollutants [POPs, e.g. dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides] lead to systematic slaughter of livestock to prevent their entry into the food chain.

Mammary Gland Transcriptome and Proteome Modifications by Nutrient Restriction in Early Lactation Holstein Cows Challenged with Intra-Mammary Lipopolysaccharide.

The objective is to study the effects of nutrient restrictions, which induce a metabolic imbalance on the inflammatory response of the mammary gland in early lactation cows. The aim is to decipher the molecular mechanisms involved, by comparing a control, with a restriction group, a transcriptome and proteome, after an intra-mammary lipopolysaccharide challenge. Multi-parous cows were either allowed intake of a lactation diet ( = 8), or a ration containing low nutrient density ( = 8; 48% barley straw and dry matter basis) for four days starting at 24 ± 3 days in milk.

Effects of Azgp1on mammary gland, adipose tissue and liver gene expression and milk lipid composition in lactating mice.

The expression of Azgp1 gene, an adipokine involved in the mobilization of body reserves, was observed in mammary gland of ruminants. Its regulation by different dietary conditions suggests a potential role in the mechanisms controlling the composition of milk fat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of Azgp1 during lactation.

Bovine Mammary Nutrigenomics and Changes in the Milk Composition due to Rapeseed or Sunflower Oil Supplementation of High-Forage or High-Concentrate Diets.

Background: Fatty acid (FA) composition plays a crucial role in milk nutritional quality. Despite the known nutritional regulation of ruminant milk composition, the overall mammary mechanisms underlying this regulation are far from being understood. The aim of our study was to determine nutritional regulation of mammary transcriptomes in relation to the cow milk composition.

Effect of sunflower-seed oil or linseed oil on milk fatty acid secretion and lipogenic gene expression in goats fed hay-based diets.

Plant oils in the diet are known to alter milk fat composition owing to changes in the supply of fatty acid precursors and/or activity of lipogenic enzymes in the mammary gland. Thirteen mid-lactating Alpine goats were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design with 28-d periods to evaluate possible mechanisms regulating milk fat synthesis and fatty acid composition on grass hay-based diets containing none (H) or 55 g/kg diet dry matter of sunflower-seed oil (HSO) or linseed oil (HLO). Inclusion of oils in the diet had no effect on milk yield but enhanced (P<0.

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid has limited effects on tissue protein anabolism in sedentary and exercising adult rats.

The effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA) and endurance training on lean body mass are expected to result from their action on tissue protein metabolism. The aim of this study was to analyze their effects on protein metabolism in 2 muscles, the small intestine and liver of adult rats. Four-month-old male Wistar rats were fed diets containing either no CLA, cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer (1 g.

Effect of dietary supply of butters rich either in trans-10-18 : 1 or in trans-11-18 : 1 plus cis-9, trans-11-18 : 2 on rabbit adipose tissue and liver lipogenic activities.

Experimental butters with a high content of trans-18 : 1 fatty acids and/or cis-9,trans-11-18 : 2 (rumenic acid; RA) were fed to thirty-six New Zealand White rabbits to investigate their effects on adipose tissue (AT) and liver lipogenic activities. Animals received one of three atherogenic (0.2 % cholesterol) diets containing 12 % butter with either a standard fatty acid composition (rich in saturated fatty acids), rich in trans-10-18 : 1 (T10 diet) or in trans-11-18 : 1 plus RA (T11+ RA diet) for 6 or 12 weeks.

Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid decrease plasma lipids and stimulate adipose tissue lipogenesis without changing adipose weight in post-prandial adult sedentary or trained Wistar rat.

The respective effects and interactions of supplementation with two conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers and exercise on plasma metabolic profile, activity of lipogenic enzymes and cellularity in two adipose tissue sites, those of the liver and heart, were examined in adult Wistar rats. Rats that were either sedentary or exercise-trained by treadmill running were fed one of four diets: a diet without CLA; a diet with either 1% cis 9, trans 11 CLA or 1% trans 10, cis 12 CLA; or a mixture of both isomers (1% of each) for 6 weeks. We observed that the exercise decreased lipogenic enzyme activities in epididymal and perirenal adipose tissue.

Nutritional status induces divergent variations of GLUT4 protein content, but not lipoprotein lipase activity, between adipose tissues and muscles in adult cattle.

Metabolic adaptations to variations in food supply are incompletely understood in ruminant animal adipose tissue (AT) and muscle. To explore this, we studied lipid metabolism and glucose transport potential in one internal and one external AT, as well as in one oxidative and one glycolytic muscle from control, 7 d underfed and 21 d refed adult cows. Refeeding increased (+79 to +307 %) the activities of enzymes involved in de novo lipogenesis (fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) in perirenal and subcutaneous AT; underfeeding did not modify these variables.

Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid isomers do not modify body composition in adult sedentary or exercised rats.

Dietary CLA isomers were shown to reduce adipose tissues in growing animals, mainly in mice, but their effects in adult animals remain unclear. This study was conducted to determine whether these effects depend on the isomer fed, on physical activity, or on the initial level of body fat. Male Wistar rats (4 mo old) were fed for 6 wk diets containing either no CLA, the cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer (10 g/kg), the trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer (10 g/kg), or both isomers (10 g/kg each).

Insulin and (or) dexamethasone effects on leptin production and metabolic activities of ovine adipose tissue explants.

The in vitro effects of insulin and/or dexamethasone (DEX) on leptin production were studied on adipose tissue (AT) from adult non-lactating, non-pregnant ewes. Perirenal AT explants were incubated for 2 or 4 days and leptin production was determined using a specific ovine RIA. The effects of these hormones were simultaneously measured on glucose and acetate utilisation and on lipogenic enzyme activities.