An analysis of the biopharmaceutical behaviour of proton pump inhibitors with different physicochemical properties.

At present, little information on the biopharmaceutical behaviour of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) describing their absorption and biodistribution in vivo has been reported because the extreme instability of PPIs in the gastrointestinal environment makes it difficult to analyze such behaviour. In this work, a modified rat in situ intestinal perfusion model was employed to investigate absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and subsequent biodistribution of several PPIs (ilaprazole, esomeprazole and rabeprazole), which have different physicochemical properties. Our data indicated that PPIs exhibited significantly enhanced absorption rates in the whole intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon, corresponding to the increase in the oil-water partition coefficient (LogP).

Distribution and sources of ordinary monomeric and emerging oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardants in Haihe Basin, China.

With the banning of poly-brominated diphenyl ethers, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have gained great development space as their alternatives. In this study, the concentration and partition of nine ordinary monomeric OPFRs and two emerging oligomeric OPFRs (Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) in the Haihe Basin of China were studied, and their possible sources were analyzed. The ƩOPFRs in the surface water, sediments and suspended particulate matters (SPMs) in Haihe Basin were 80.

Probing mechanisms for bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids in carp (Cyprinus carpio): Impacts of protein binding affinities and elimination pathways.

With regulations on the manufacture and usage of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related compounds, short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are increasingly being used as alternatives. However, there are limited studies on their bioaccumulation mechanisms, especially for short-chain PFAAs. In this study, we examined the binding affinity of PFAAs with fish serum proteins and tissue distributions of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (C7-C11 PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C4, C6, and C8 PFSAs) in carp (Cyprinus carpio), including the isomers of PFOS and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS).

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a posaconazole-sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex.

Posaconazole (PCZ) is a triazole antifungal agent with an extended spectrum of antifungal activity. It is approved for the prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in patients with neutropenia or in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients undergoing high-dose immunosuppressive therapy for graft-vs-host disease, and for the treatment of fungal infections. However, its pharmacological effects are severely limited owing to its poor solubility and low bioavailability.

[Design and realization of X-ray TUBE HEAD control system in the CBCT system].

Cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) has advantages of high precision, low radiation and high image quality. It has been developing quickly since it was applied clinically. In order to control X-ray TUBE HEAD effectively in Dental CBCT, X-ray TUBE HEAD Control System was designed and realized in this study.

Modifying the structure and flow behaviour of aqueous montmorillonite suspensions with surfactant.

Colloidal suspensions of plate-like particles undergo a variety of phase transitions. The predicted isotropic/nematic transition is often pre-empted by a sol/gel transition, especially in suspensions of the most commonly used natural swelling clay montmorillonite (MMT). A number of factors, including charge interactions, flexibility and salt concentration, may contribute to this competition.

Microcapsules composed of cross-linked organoclay.

Polyelectrolyte-modified montmorillonite particles were used to stabilize oil-in-water Pickering emulsions, which were then bound together by an oil-soluble cross-linker to obtain microcapsules. It was determined how the morphology and rigidity of the microcapsules changed as polyelectrolyte and cross-linker concentrations were varied. Well-defined microcapsules could be formed by using a moderate concentration of polyelectrolyte, and the higher the cross-linker concentration, the more rigid the microcapsules.

Optimizing organoclay stabilized Pickering emulsions.

Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using montmorillonite clay platelets, pre-treated with quaternary amine surfactants. In previous work, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) has been used. In this study, two more hydrophilic quaternary amine surfactants, Berol R648 and Ethoquad C/12, were used and formed Pickering emulsions, which were more stable than the emulsions prepared using CTAB coated clay.

Adsorption of polyetheramines on montmorillonite at high pH.

Adsorption of a series of polyetheramines on montmorillonite in aqueous suspension was investigated by a range of methods: elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, measurement of pH, conductivity and electrophoretic mobility, and small-angle X-ray scattering. Adsorption proceeds through an ion exchange mechanism. The maximum surface coverage attained is equivalent to about 40% of the cationic exchange capacity of the clay.