Hazard characterisation for significant mycotoxins in food.

This review updates the current status of activities related to hazard characterisation for mycotoxins, with special reference to regulatory work accomplished within the European Union. Because the relevant information on these topics is widely scattered in the scientific literature, this review intends to provide a condensed overview on the most pertinent aspects. Human health risk assessment is a procedure to estimate the nature and potential for harmful effects of mycotoxins on human health due to exposure to them via contaminated food.

kc-hits: a tool to aid in the evaluation and classification of chemical carcinogens.

Motivation: The evaluation of chemicals for their carcinogenic hazard requires the analysis of a wide range of data and the characterization of these results relative to the key characteristics of carcinogens. The workflow used historically requires many manual steps that are labor-intensive and can introduce errors, bias and inconsistencies.

Results: The automation of parts of the evaluation workflow using the kc-hits software has led to significant improvements in process efficiency, as well as more consistent and comprehensive results.

Concordance between sites of tumor development in humans and in experimental animals for 111 agents that are carcinogenic to humans.

Since the inception of the in the early 1970s, this has developed 119 Volumes on more than 1000 agents for which there exists some evidence of cancer risk to humans. Of these, 120 agents were found to meet the criteria for classification as (Group 1). Volume 100 of the , compiled in 2008-2009 and published in 2012, provided a review and update of the 107 Group 1 agents identified as of 2009.

Key characteristics of 86 agents known to cause cancer in humans.

Since the inception of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in the early 1970s, the has evaluated more than 1000 agents with respect to carcinogenic hazard; of these, up to and including Volume 119 of the , 120 agents met the criteria for classification as (Group 1). Volume 100 of the provided a review and update of Group 1 carcinogens. These agents were divided into six broad categories: (I) pharmaceuticals; (II) biological agents; (III) arsenic, metals, fibers, and dusts; (IV) radiation; (V) personal habits and indoor combustions; and (VI) chemical agents and related occupations.

Development of a database on tumors and tumor sites in humans and in experimental animals for 'Group 1 agents identified through volume 109 of the .

Volume 100 in the series of comprises an update and review of relevant information on all agents determined to induce cancer in humans. These Group 1 agents are categorized in 6 (Volumes 100A-F) published in 2012. This paper describes the methodology and stringent criteria used in the creation of a comprehensive database on tumors noted in animals and humans for the carcinogens reviewed in Volume 100, and for additional Group 1 agents that were identified in subsequent through Volume 109.

The IARC Monographs: Updated Procedures for Modern and Transparent Evidence Synthesis in Cancer Hazard Identification.

The Monographs produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) apply rigorous procedures for the scientific review and evaluation of carcinogenic hazards by independent experts. The Preamble to the IARC Monographs, which outlines these procedures, was updated in 2019, following recommendations of a 2018 expert advisory group. This article presents the key features of the updated Preamble, a major milestone that will enable IARC to take advantage of recent scientific and procedural advances made during the 12 years since the last Preamble amendments.

Analyses of biomarkers of exposure to nephrotoxic mycotoxins in a cohort of patients with renal tumours.

The Czech Republic occupies the first place in the world in the frequency of renal and other urinary tract tumours, but their aetiology is unknown. To explore whether carcinogenic and nephrotoxic mycotoxins may contribute to kidney diseases in the Czech population, biomarkers of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) exposure were determined in biological specimens from a cohort of 50 patients with malignant renal tumours. Biomarker analyses in blood and urine samples used validated targeted methods for measuring OTA and CIT plus dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) after enrichment of analytes by specific immunoaffinity clean-up.

Investigation of patulin and citrinin in grape must and wine from grapes naturally contaminated by strains of Penicillium expansum.

Twenty three strains of Penicillium expansum, as a predominant species, were isolated from 23 (92%) out of 25 grape samples of 17 different grape varieties. The results of the identification of P. expansum strains were confirmed by a PCR method.

Transfer of ochratoxin A from raw black tea to tea infusions prepared according to the Turkish tradition.

Background: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a natural contaminant of food including tea with multiple toxic effects, which poses a threat to human health. In terms of lifestyle, the Turkish population is a frequent visitor of tearooms, and the traditional Turkish tea preparation is one of the most popular ways of preparing tea infusion.

Results: The aim of this study was to investigate OTA transfer from raw black tea to the tea infusion prepared according to the Turkish tradition.

Mycotoxins as human carcinogens-the IARC Monographs classification.

Humans are constantly exposed to mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins, ochratoxins), mainly via food intake of plant and animal origin.