Interpopulational variation and ontogenetic shift in the venom composition of Lataste's viper (Vipera latastei, Boscá 1878) from northern Portugal.

Lataste's viper (Vipera latastei) is a venomous European viper endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, recognised as medically important by the World Health Organization. To date, no comprehensive characterisation of this species' venom has been reported. Here, we analysed the venoms of juvenile and adult specimens of V.

Dagestan blunt-nosed viper, (Dwigubsky, 1832), venom. Venomics, antivenomics, and neutralization assays of the lethal and toxic venom activities by anti- and anti- antivenoms.

We have applied a combination of venomics, neutralization assays, and third-generation antivenomics analysis to assess the preclinical efficacy of the monospecific anti- (anti-Mlt) antivenom manufactured by Uzbiopharm® (Uzbekistan) and the monospecific anti- antivenom from Microgen® (Russia) against the venom of Dagestan blunt-nosed viper, (Mlo). Despite their low content of homologous (anti-Mlt, 5-10%) or para-specific (anti-Vbb, 4-9%) F(ab') antibody fragments against venom toxins, both antivenoms efficiently recognized most components of the complex venom proteome's arsenal, which is made up of toxins derived from 11 different gene families and neutralized, albeit at different doses, key toxic effects of venom, i.e.

Third-generation antivenomics analysis of the preclinical efficacy of Bothrofav® antivenom towards venom.

inflicts severe envenomings in the Lesser Caribbean island of Martinique. Bothrofav®, a monospecific antivenom against venom, has proven highly effective at the preclinical and clinical levels. Here, we report a detailed third-generation antivenomics quantitative analysis of Bothrofav®.

Toxin-resolved antivenomics-guided assessment of the immunorecognition landscape of antivenoms.

Snakebite envenoming represents a major issue in rural areas of tropical and subtropical regions across sub-Saharan Africa, South to Southeast Asia, Latin America and Oceania. Antivenoms constitute the only scientifically validated therapy for snakebite envenomings, provided they are safe, effective, affordable, accessible and administered appropriately. However, the lack of financial incentives in a technology that has remained relatively unchanged for more than a century, has contributed to some manufacturers leaving the market and others downscaling production or increasing the prices, leading to a decline in the availability and accessibility for these life-saving antidotes to millions of rural poor most at risk from snakebites in low income countries.

Third Generation Antivenomics: Pushing the Limits of the In Vitro Preclinical Assessment of Antivenoms.

Second generation antivenomics is a translational venomics approach designed to complement in vivo preclinical neutralization assays. It provides qualitative and quantitative information on the set of homologous and heterologous venom proteins presenting antivenom-recognized epitopes and those exhibiting impaired immunoreactivity. In a situation of worrying antivenom shortage in many tropical and sub-tropical regions with high snakebite mortality and morbidity rates, such knowledge has the potential to facilitate the optimal deployment of currently existing antivenoms and to aid in the rational design of novel broad specificity antidotes.

Proteomic analysis of venom variability and ontogeny across the arboreal palm-pitvipers (genus Bothriechis).

Unlabelled: Bothriechis is a genus of eleven currently recognized slender and arboreal venomous snakes, commonly called palm-pitvipers that range from southern Mexico to northern South America. Despite dietary studies suggesting that palm-pitvipers are generalists with an ontogenetic shift toward endothermic prey, venom proteomic analyses have revealed remarkable divergence between the venoms of the Costa Rican species, B. lateralis, B.

Preclinical evaluation of three polyspecific antivenoms against the venom of Echis ocellatus: Neutralization of toxic activities and antivenomics.

Snakebite envenoming has a heavy burden in the public health in sub-Saharan Africa. The viperid species Echis ocellatus (carpet viper or saw-scaled viper) is the medically most important snake in the savannahs of western sub-Saharan Africa. Several antivenoms are being distributed and used in this region for the treatment of envenomings by E.

Venomic Analysis of the Poorly Studied Desert Coral Snake, Micrurus tschudii tschudii, Supports the 3FTx/PLA₂ Dichotomy across Micrurus Venoms.

The venom proteome of the poorly studied desert coral snake Micrurus tschudii tschudii was unveiled using a venomic approach, which identified ≥38 proteins belonging to only four snake venom protein families. The three-finger toxins (3FTxs) constitute, both in number of isoforms (~30) and total abundance (93.6% of the venom proteome), the major protein family of the desert coral snake venom.