Ultrahigh Extinction Ratio Leaky-Guided Hollow Core Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Assisted by a Large Core Hollow Fiber Beam Splitter.

We proposed a novel fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (FMZI) that can perform an ultrahigh extinction ratio (ER), ultracompact, and ultra-broadband interference characteristics. The FMZI structure is based on an extremely tiny hollow core fiber (HCF) with a small diameter of 10 μm (named HCF) connected with a beam splitter of a large core of 50 μm HCF (named HCF). The refractive index (RI) of the air core is lower than that of the HCF cladding; a leaky-guided fiber waveguide (LGFW) occurs in such a short-section HCF waveguide to simultaneously have the core and cladding modes.

Water temperature disturbance alters the conjugate transfer of antibiotic resistance genes via affecting ROS content and intercellular aggregation.

Spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic ecosystems poses a significant global challenge to public health. The potential effects of water temperature perturbation induced by specific water environment changes on ARGs transmission are still unclear. The conjugate transfer of plasmid-mediated ARGs under water temperature perturbation was investigated in this study.