How does drivers' attention change when using a two-stage warning system? Effects of expectation and cognitive load.

The advantages of two-stage warnings have been validated. This study investigated how drivers' expectations of automated driving system capabilities and cognitive load affect their attention allocation and takeover performance when using a two-stage warning system in a Level 3 automated driving system. Thirty-two drivers participated in a driving simulation study.

Assembly of silver(I)-copper(I) bimetallic thiolate complexes assisted by phenylacetylene stabilizers.

Ag/Cu bimetallic clusters have been widely reported, but synthesis of such clusters simple self-assembly of heterometallic ions in air remains challenging due to the susceptibility of Cu ions to oxidation. In this study, protected by the phenylacetylene auxiliary ligand, we utilized [Cu(CHCN)]PF in conjunction with the (PrSAg) polymer to form Ag(I)-Cu(I) oligomer precursors, serving as the starting point for constructing a new [AgCu(PrS)(DPPM)](PF) cluster (DPPM = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, Ag11-xCux, = 5-9). When the (PrSAg) precursor was replaced by (BuSAg), another cluster [AgCuS(BuS)(CHCN)](CHOH)(HO)(PF) (Ag21Cu4) was obtained.

Template-assisted synthesis of isomeric copper(i) clusters with tunable structures showing photophysical and electrochemical properties.

A comparative study of structure-property relationships in isomeric and isostructural atomically precise clusters is an ideal approach to unravel their fundamental properties. Herein, seven high-nuclearity copper(i) alkynyl clusters utilizing template-assisted strategies were synthesized. Spherical Cu and Cu clusters are formed with a [M@(V/PO)] (M: Cu, Na, K) skeleton motif, while peanut-shaped Cu clusters feature four separate PO templates.

Ag Cu (C=CAr) (DPPB) : A Rigid Ligand Co-Protected Bimetallic Silver(I)-Copper(I) Cluster with Room-Temperature Luminescence.

Metal clusters have become increasingly important in various applications, with ligands playing a crucial role in their construction. In this study, we synthesized a bimetallic cluster, Ag Cu (C=CAr) (DPPB) (Ag Cu ), using a rigid acetylene ligand, 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetylide. Through single-crystal structure characterization, we discovered that the butterfly-shaped Ag Cu motifs were subject to distortion due to steric hindrance imposed by the rigid ligand.

Morphology Engineering of Fullerene (C ) Microstructures Featuring Surface Cracks with Enhanced Photoluminescence and Microscopic Recognition Properties.

Surface cracks could improve the optical and photoelectronic properties of crystalline materials as they increase specific surface area, but the controlled self-assembly of fullerene (C ) molecules into micro-/nanostructures with surface cracks is still challenging. Herein, we report the morphology engineering of novel C microstructures bearing surface cracks for the first time, selecting phenetole and propan-1-ol (NPA) as good and poor solvents, respectively. Our systematic investigations reveal that phenetole molecules initially participate in the formation of the ends of the C microstructures, and then NPA molecules are involved in the gradual growth of the sidewalls of the microstructures.

Copper(I) Alkynyl Clusters with Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement.

Four copper(I) alkynyl complexes incorporating phosphate ligands, namely, [Cu(BuC≡C)(PhOPO)] (; PhOPO = phenyl phosphate), [Cu(BuC≡C)(1-NaphOPO)] (; 1-NaphOPO = 1-naphthyl phosphate), [VO@Cu(BuC≡C)(1-NaphOPO)](PF)(F) (), and [PO@Cu(BuC≡C)(1-NaphOPO)](PF)(F) (), were solvothermally synthesized and well-characterized by IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed that the Cu cluster-based coordination chain polymers and are formed by assembly during crystallization, while and contain high-nuclearity copper(I) composite clusters enclosing orthovanadate and phosphate template ions, respectively, that are supported by ROPO ligands. Complexes - exhibit crystallization-induced emission enhancement.

Construction of Silver Clusters Capped by Zwitterionic Ethynide Ligands.

A zwitterionic ligand 3-(triethylammonio)propyne (TAP) has been employed to construct nine silver ethynide compounds for the first time. Single-crystal X-ray analyses reveal that compounds and are silver ethynide assemblies based on the Ag subunits and clusters - are small discrete clusters of Ag, Ag, Ag, and Ag, respectively, ligated by the bulky TAP ligand with different auxiliary ligands. In addition, upon acquiring the tripod-like BuPO, a unprecedented 80 nuclei silver ethynide cluster was isolated and determined to be [(CFCO)@Ag(TAP)(BuPO)(CFCO)] by crystallography and thermogravimetric analysis.

Controllable synthesis of porous tubular carbon by a Ag-ligand-assisted Stöber-silica/carbon assembly process.

Herein, in this study, we utilized Ag+-ligand interactions for critically regulating the morphology of carbon by the Stöber-silica/carbon co-assembly method for the first time. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF) assemble upon dictation by Ag+ and pyridyl-functionalized surfactants, producing porous carbon tubes (RF1) with a high surface area of 696 m2 g-1 and accessible mesopores ∼15 nm in size. Furthermore, when using tetrapropyl orthosilicate (TPOS) with a slower hydrolysis rate than that of TEOS, carbon tubes (RF2) with enhanced uniformity and a surface area as high as 2112 m2 g-1 are generated.

-Butyl thiol and pyridine ligand co-protected 50-nuclei clusters: the effect of pyridines on Ag-SR bonds.

Constructing silver(i)-thiolate clusters from simple building blocks usually involves elusive self-assembly processes and remains a long-standing challenge. In this work, we report 6 silver(i)-thiolate clusters protected by pyridines, namely, [Ag3(tBuS)2(Py)(NO3)]n (Py = pyridine) (1), [Ag10(tBuS)6(Py)6(CF3CO2)4]·3Py (2), [Ag12(iPrS)6(Py)8(NO3)6]·2H2O (3), Ag12(iPrS)6(Py)8(CF3CO2)6 (4), Ag12(iPrS)6(4-ap)6(NO3)6 (4-ap = 4-aminopyridine) (5), and [Ag50S13(tBuS)20(Py)12]·4BF4·4Py·4CH3OH·2H2O (6). Single-crystal X-ray crystallography analysis reveals that six clusters are constructed by four types of structural blocks, including the PyAg(tBuS)2 monomer, Py2Ag2(tBuS)2 dimer, Py3Ag3(tBuS)3 trimer and (4-ap)6Ag6(iPrS)6 hexamer.