How and When Does Visionary Leadership Promote Followers' Taking Charge? The Roles of Inclusion of Leader in Self and Future Orientation.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between visionary leadership and taking charge. The authors also aim to test the mediating effects of employee inclusion of leader in self and the moderating effects of future orientation.

Methods: This paper tests the theoretical model across a multisource, time-lagged field study with 234 leader-follower dyads as data.

Stigmatization and Interpersonal Deviance Behaviors of Tour Guides: The Influence of Self-Identity Threat and Moral Disengagement.

Severe tour guide stigma is a significant problem hindering tourism development. Based on self-identity threat and moral disengagement theory, this study analyzed the relationship between tour guide stigmatization and tour guides' interpersonal deviance behavior. Survey data collected from 241 tour guides at three different points in time showed that tour guide stigmatization was positively related to tour guides' interpersonal deviance behavior and that self-identity threat mediated this effect.