Th2-related cytokines are associated with Fasciola gigantica infection and evasion in the natural host, swamp buffalo.

The infection of ruminants by Fasciola spp. always induces a non-protective Th2-type immune response. However, little is known about changes in the local and systemic immune environment during F.

[Establishment of Duplex PCR for Identifying Metagonimus yokogawai and Haplorchis taichui].

Objective: To develop a duplex PCR method for identifying Metagonimus yokogawai and Haplorchis taichui.

Methods: ITS1 sequences of M. yokogawai and H.