Jing-an oral liquid alleviates Tourette syndrome via the NMDAR/MAPK/CREB pathway and .

Context: Jing-an oral liquid (JA) is a Chinese herbal formula used in the treatment of Tourette syndrome (TS); however, its mechanism is unclear.

Objective: To investigate the effects of JA on amino acid neurotransmitters and microglia activation and .

Materials And Methods: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group and 5 TS groups.

LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, attenuates Tourette syndrome in rats.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of LY294002 on Tourette syndrome (TS) in rats. TS model was induced in rats by DOI (the selective 5-HT2A/2C agonist 1- (2, 5- dimethoxy -4 - iodophenyl) -2- aminopropane). Behavior was assessed by stereotypic score and autonomic activity.

[Pharmacognostical study on seven species from Astragalus genus in Yunnan].

Objective: For the identification and utilization of the Astragalus plants from Yunnan, pharmacognostical studies were systematically performed for seven Astragalus plants which were selected from four subgenera of Astragalus genus.

Methods: Standard pharmacognosy methods and HPLC method were adopted, and microscopic characteristics and major chemical constituents of the test plant samples were compared.

Results: There were differences in root transverse section, powder and chemical constituents of the seven Astragalus plants.