Electrochemical Three-Component C-H Functionalization of Indoles with Sodium Bisulfite and Alcohols to Access Indole-Containing Sulfonate Esters.

Herein, an efficient electrochemical three-component C-H functionalization of indoles with sodium bisulfite and alcohols is described, providing a sustainable and convenient synthetic route for the construction of structurally valuable indole-containing sulfonate esters in moderate to good yields. This protocol proceeds in an undivided cell without any metal catalysts or oxidants, features a broad substrate scope, and has an excellent functional group tolerance. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that a radical-radical pathway may be involved in this three-component reaction system.

TMSCl-Promoted Sulfonylation of Propargylic Alcohols with Sodium Sulfinates for the Construction of ()-1,3-Disulfonylpropenes and ()-1-Sulfonylpropenols.

A direct and novel transformation of propargylic alcohols with sodium sulfinates for the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of ()-1,3-disulfonylpropenes and ()-1-sulfonylpropenols was successfully developed in the presence of TMSCl under mild conditions. The preliminary mechanistic experiments demonstrated that the reaction underwent an unprecedented dual nucleophilic substitution/radical addition process, in which sodium sulfinates were used not only as nucleophiles but also as a sulfonyl radical source.

Identification and validation of diagnostic markers related to immunogenic cell death and infiltration of immune cells in diabetic nephropathy.

Introduction: Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a unique cell death triggered by chemotherapy. However, studies elucidating the potential therapeutic role of ICD and the underlying mechanism in diabetic nephropathy (DN) are limited.

Methods: WGCNA was conducted on the human kidney biopsy data linked to DN, analyzing gene sets associated with ICD.

Association of changes in body composition with all-cause mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A prospective cohort study.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the effect of longitudinal body composition changes on mortality risk in patients undergoing hemodialysis and identify whether changes in body composition can more accurately predict mortality than baseline status.

Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 340 patients undergoing hemodialysis. Lean mass and body fat were determined using a bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) device and expressed as the lean tissue index (LTI) or fat tissue index (FTI), respectively.

Divergent Reaction of Alkynes and TsCN: Synthesis of β-Sulfinyl Alkenylsulfones and ()-Vinyl Sulfones.

An efficient and high-selectivity approach for the divergent synthesis of β-sulfinyl alkenylsulfones and ()-vinyl sulfones from alkynes and TsCN is described. A series of disulfurized products were constructed under mild conditions in the absence of transition metals. This transformation featured excellent regio- and stereoselectivity, good functional group compatibility, and broad substrate scope.

Association between renal α-klotho and renal pathology among patients with chronic kidney disease.

Introduction: This study was designed to investigate whether renal α-klotho levels are associated with renal pathology. This is the first report on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study.

Para-selective nitrobenzene amination lead by C(sp)-H/N-H oxidative cross-coupling through aminyl radical.

Arylamines, serving as crucial building blocks in natural products and finding applications in multifunctional materials, are synthesized on a large scale via an electrophilic nitration/reduction sequence. However, the current methods for aromatic C-H amination have not yet attained the same level of versatility as electrophilic nitration. Here we show an extensively investigated transition metal-free and regioselective strategy for the amination of nitrobenzenes, enabling the synthesis of 4-nitro-N-arylamines through C(sp)-H/N-H cross-coupling between electron-deficient nitroarenes and amines.

TFA-Promoted Cascade Sulfonylation/Rearrangement/Cyclization of 1,5-Diynols and Sodium Sulfinates to Construct Sulfonylated Benzo[]fluorenes.

A novel conversion of 1,5-diynols into sulfonylated benzo[]fluorenes is reported by a TFA-promoted cascade cyclization with sodium sulfinates under mild conditions. This strategy provides an efficient and practical approach for accessing various sulfonated benzo[]fluorenes in moderate to excellent yields under metal-free conditions. On the basis of the control experimental results and density functional theory calculations, a possible cascade transformation mechanism consisting of the dehydration of propargylic alcohols, sulfonylation, allenylation, and Schmittel-type cyclization is proposed.

Electrochemical Arene Radical Cation Promoted Spirocyclization of Biaryl Ynones: Access to Alkoxylated Spiro[5,5]trienones.

Herein, a novel electrochemical arene radical cation promoted dearomative spirocyclization of biaryl ynones with alcohols is described, providing a conceptually novel transformation mode for producing diverse alkoxylated spiro[5,5]trienones. The catalyst- and chemical-oxidant-free spirocyclization protocol features broad substrate scope and high functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies reveal that the generation of arene radical cation via anodic single-electron oxidation is crucial, with sequential 6-- cyclization, dissociation of hemiketal, anodic oxidation, and nucleophilic attack of alcohols.

One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of mSiO-N-CDs with High Solid-State Photoluminescence as a Fluorescent Probe for Detecting Dopamine.

An effective fluorescent probe (mSiO-N-CDs) was prepared by embedding N-CDs into mesoporous silica via a simple one-pot hydrothermal reaction and applied to the detection of dopamine (DA). Mesoporous silica not only provided a skeleton to prevent the aggregation of N-CDs but also a medium for the centrifugal collection of N-CDs, avoiding the need for dialysis and freeze-drying. The formation process, phase composition, morphology, and luminescence properties of the composite were studied in detail.

Network pharmacology and in vitro experimental verification to reveal the mechanism of Astragaloside IV against kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) is a prevalent disorder among hospitalized patients worldwide. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) has been shown to protect against ischemic AKI. However, the specific effects and mechanisms of AS-IV on alleviating kidney ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury remain unclear.

NBS-mediated bromination and dehydrogenation of tetrahydro-quinoline in one pot: scope and mechanistic study.

A facile and general approach was developed for the efficient construction of functionalized bromoquinolines by the dehydrogenation of tetrahydroquinolines using NBS as the electrophile and as oxidant. The cascade transformation proceeded with good functional group tolerance under metal-free conditions with a short reaction duration. Various tetrahydroquinolines bearing either electron-rich or electron-deficient groups at different positions were successfully converted into the corresponding target products in moderate to high yields under mild conditions.

Celastrol attenuates diabetic nephropathy by upregulating SIRT1-mediated inhibition of EZH2related wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Proteinuria is an independent risk factor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and an imbalance in podocyte function aggravates proteinuria. Celastrol is the primary active ingredient of T. wilfordii, effective in treating DN renal injury; however, the mechanisms underlying its effect are unclear.

Uncovering pharmacological mechanisms of Phellinus linteus on focal segmental glomeruloscleosis rats through tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic analysis, network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation.

Objective: To explore the underlying molecular mechanism of ().

Methods: We used a tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic method to determine the differentially expressed proteins. Network pharmacology analysis was used to analysis the main components of and construct the compound-target network.

Synthesis of -dibromo 1,3-oxazines by NBS-mediated electrophilic cyclization of propargylic amides.

We present a highly efficient and practical method for synthesizing -dibromo 1,3-oxazines through 6- cyclization of propargylic amides, using -bromosuccinimide (NBS) as an electrophilic source. The metal-free reaction can be conducted under mild conditions with good functional group compatibility, delivering excellent yields of the desired products. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds a double electrophilic attack by NBS on the propargylic amide substrate.

Electrochemically enabled decyanative C(sp)-H oxygenation of -cyanomethylamines to formamides.

Selective oxygenation of C(sp)-H bonds adjacent to nitrogen atoms is a highly attractive strategy for synthesizing various formamide derivatives while preserving the substrate skeletons. Herein, an environmentally benign electrochemically enabled decyanative C(sp)-H oxygenation of -cyanomethylamines using HO as a carbonyl oxygen atom source is described, leading to the synthesis of a large class of formamides in good to excellent yields with a broad substrate scope under metal- and oxidant-free conditions. This electrochemical technology highlights the facile incorporation of -formyl into some important bioactive molecules.

Direct Synthesis of Benzo[]fluorenyl Thiophosphates via Tandem Cyclization of Diynols with (RO)P(O)SH.

A general and metal-free protocol for the construction of benzo[]fluorenyl thiophosphates was developed through the cascade cyclization of easily prepared diynols and (RO)P(O)SH, with water as the only byproduct. The novel transformation involved the allenyl thiophosphate as the key intermediate, followed by Schmittel-type cyclization to achieve the desired products. Notably, (RO)P(O)SH acted not only as a nucleophile but also as an acid-promoter to initiate the reaction.

Celastrol attenuates renal injury in 5/6 nephrectomized rats via inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and transforming growth factor-β1/Smad3 pathway.

Renal injury is an important factor in the development of chronic kidney diseases that pathologically manifested as renal fibrosis and podocyte damage. In the disease state, renal fibroblasts lead to high expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), while podocytes undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition, leading to proteinuria. Celastrol, a bioactive compound in the medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii, was found to delay the progression of early diabetic nephropathy and attenuate renal fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction.

BMSC-derived exosomes protect against kidney injury through regulating klotho in 5/6 nephrectomy rats.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the renoprotective effects of exosomes derived from rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) in a rat model of 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx)-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods: A rat model of 5/6 Nx-induced CKD was established using conventional method. rBMSC-derived exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation and characterized.

Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with paraproteinemia and renal damage.

Background: This study aimed to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with paraproteinemia and renal damage.

Methods: Ninety-six patients from 2014 to 2018 with paraproteinemia and renal damage were enrolled and the clinical data, renal pathology, treatment and prognosis data were collected.

Results: A total of 96 patients (54 male and 42 female), accounting for 2.

TET2 mediated demethylation is involved in the protective effect of triptolide on podocytes.

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is usually considered the central mechanism of podocyte injury that eventually leads to proteinuria. We used an TGF-β1 induced podocyte EMT model and an rat focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) model to uncover the mechanism underlying the protective effect of triptolide (TP) on podocytes. We found that TP could reverse the podocyte EMT process and upregulate the expression of TET2 in the TGF-β1-induced podocyte injury model.

Safety evaluation of aqueous extracts of fruiting body in Sprague-Dawley rats.

, called "Sanghuang," is orally used for health care, tumor, and inflammation treatment in Asia. However, the safety of has not been evaluated. The major compounds analysis showed that aqueous extracts of fruiting body were rich in polysaccharides, nucleotides, and polyphenols.

First Total Synthesis of 5'--α-d-Glucopyranosyl Tubercidin.

The first total synthesis of 5'--α-d-glucopyranosyl tubercidin was successfully developed. It is a structurally unique disaccharide 7-deazapurine nucleoside exhibiting fungicidal activity, and was isolated from blue-green algae. The total synthesis was accomplished in eight steps with 27% overall yield from commercially available 1--acetyl-2,3,5-tri--benzoyl-β-d-ribose.