Hypouricemic Actions of the Pericarp of Mangosteen and .

Hyperuricemia is the result of overproduction and/or underexcretion of uric acid, and it is a well-known risk factor for gout, hypertension, and diabetes. However, available drugs for hyperuricemia in the clinic are limited. Recently, a lot of research has been conducted in order to discover new uric acid-lowering agents from plants and foods.

Ginkgetin promotes proliferation and migration of Schwann cells via PIGF/p38 MAPK signaling pathway.

The proliferation and migration of Schwann cells is pivotal to peripheral nerve injury (PNI) repair. Recent studies have revealed that Ginkgetin has neuroprotective effects. Hence, we focused on identifying whether Ginkgetin could regulate the proliferation and migration of Schwann cells, thereby contributing to the repair of PNI.

Complete nucleotide sequence of a novel alphapartitivirus from Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HG III isolate SM03.

In this report, the full genome sequence of a novel mycovirus, designated as "Rhizoctonia solani partitivirus SM03" (RsPV-SM03), was determined in Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HG III isolate SM03. RsPV-SM03 genome consists of two dsRNAs (dsRNA-1 and dsRNA-2), each of them contains one single open reading frame (ORF). ORF1 of dsRNA-1 encodes a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), while ORF2 of dsRNA-2 encodes a putative viral coat protein (CP).

A novel alphapartitivirus from binucleate Rhizoctonia fumigata AG-Ba isolate C-314 Baishi.

The full-length nucleotide sequence and genome organization of a novel mycovirus designated as "Rhizoctonia fumigata partitivirus 1" (RfPV1) from Rhizoctonia fumigata AG-Ba strain C-314 Baishi was determined. The genome of RfPV1 consists of two double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs): dsRNA1 (2003 bp) and dsRNA2 (1802 bp). Each of the two dsRNAs contains one open reading frame, coding for a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and a coat protein, respectively.

Olsalazine Sodium Increases Renal Urate Excretion by Modulating Urate Transporters in Hyperuricemic Animals.

Hyperuricemia is mainly the result of relative underexcretion of urate. Urate is mainly eliminated by kidney and several important transporters expressed on the membrane of renal tubular cells involved in urate excretion. Olsalazine sodium was screened from 3167 authorized small compounds/drugs, targeting xanthine oxidoreductase.

Mangiferin promotes intestinal elimination of uric acid by modulating intestinal transporters.

Increasing evidence shows that the intestinal tract plays an important role in maintaining urate homeostasis and might be a potential therapeutic target for hyperuricaemia. However, uric acid-lowering drugs available in the clinic do not target intestinal excretion as a therapeutic strategy. We previously reported that mangiferin had potent hypouricaemic effects in hyperuricaemic animals.

Correction to: Eriocalyxin B Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3‑L1 Adipocytes by Cell Cycle Arrest.

In the original publication of this article, we found an error under the section "Introduction". The first sentence of the fourth paragraph appears incorrectly. The corrected sentence is given below.

Eriocalyxin B Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Cell Cycle Arrest.

Eriocalyxin B, an ent-Kaurene diterpenoid extracted from a traditional Chinese herb Isodon eriocalyx, has been shown to possess multifunctional activities such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory. However, the function and mechanism of the compound in adipocyte differentiation is still unknown. Here we reported that eriocalyxin B blunted adipogenesis remarkably by inhibiting the accumulation of lipid droplets, triglycerides and the expressions of adipogenesis-related factors, including C/EBPβ, C/EBPα, PPARγ, and FABP4.

Dual actions of norathyriol as a new candidate hypouricaemic agent: uricosuric effects and xanthine oxidase inhibition.

Hyperuricaemia, which results from the overproduction and underexcretion of uric acid, has been linked with chronic renal dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, available clinical drugs cannot simultaneously target the production and excretion of uric acid. Norathyriol, a natural xanthone, was expected to have the dual actions.

Mangiferin alleviates hypertension induced by hyperuricemia via increasing nitric oxide releases.

Mangiferin, a natural glucosyl xanthone, was confirmed to be an effective uric acid (UA)- lowering agent with dual action of inhibiting production and promoting excretion of UA. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of mangiferin on alleviating hypertension induced by hyperuricemia. Mangiferin (30, 60, 120 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically to hyperuricemic rats induced by gavage with potassium oxonate (750 mg/kg).

Old drug, new indication: Olsalazine sodium reduced serum uric acid levels in mice via inhibiting xanthine oxidoreductase activity.

Hyperuricemia, a long-term purine metabolic disorder, is a well-known risk factor for gout, hypertension and diabetes. In maintaining normal whole-body purine levels, xanthine oxidase (XOD) is a key enzyme in the purine metabolic pathway, as it catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and finally to uric acid. Here we used the protein-ligand docking software idock to virtually screen potential XOD inhibitors from 3167 approved small compounds/drugs.

Inhibition of 3,5,2',4'-Tetrahydroxychalcone on Production of Uric Acid in Hypoxanthine-Induced Hyperuricemic Mice.

The mechanism of 3,5,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone on lowing urate level is still unknown. Here we investigated the effects of 3,5,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone on urate levels, xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase (XOD/XDH) activities in hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemic mice, as well as the effects of 3,5,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone on the mRNA expression levels and content of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPS), phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PRPPAT) and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT). Our results demonstrated that 3,5,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone (1.

Borapetoside E, a Clerodane Diterpenoid Extracted from Tinospora crispa, Improves Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mice.

An insidious increase in the incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia has led to an epidemic of type 2 diabetes worldwide. Tinospora crispa (T. crispa) is a familiar plant traditionally used in herbal medicine for diabetes; however, the major active ingredients of this plant are still unclear.

Clerodane Diterpenoids with Anti-hyperglycemic Activity from Tinospora crispa.

Four new clerodane diterpenoids, tinosporols A-C (2-4) and tinosporoside A (5), together with six known analogues were isolated from the vines of Tinospora crispa. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The relative configuration at C-12 in the known diterpenoid borapetoside E (1), the major component of the plant, was firstly established with the aid of molecular model.

RACK1 is required for adipogenesis.

Adipose tissue plays a critical role in metabolic diseases and the maintenance of energy homeostasis. RACK1 has been identified as an adaptor protein involved in multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways and diseases. However, whether it regulates adipogenesis remains unknown.

[Studies on terpenoids from Zygophyllum fabago].

This study was to investigate the chemical constituents of the aerial part of Zygophyllumfabago, by phytochemical methods. The compounds were isolated by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies from the EtOAc extract. Their structures were characterized by various spectroscopic data (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS) and comparison with the literature.

[A new phenylpropanoid glycoside compound isolated from Karelinia caspia].

To study the constituents of Karelinia caspia(Pall.) Less, three phenylpropanoid derivatives and other compounds were isolated by silica gel, RP-18 chromatographic methods. Compound 1 was a new phenylpropanoid glycoside named as kareline A.

Hypouricaemic action of mangiferin results from metabolite norathyriol via inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity.

Context Mangiferin has been reported to possess a potential hypouricaemic effect. However, the pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed that its oral bioavailability was only 1.2%, suggesting that mangiferin metabolites might exert the action.

Mangiferin Inhibits Renal Urate Reabsorption by Modulating Urate Transporters in Experimental Hyperuricemia.

Mangiferin, a natural glucosyl xanthone from the leaves of Mangifera indica L., was previously shown to exert potent hypouricemic effects associated with inhibition of the activity of xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase. The present study aimed to evaluate its uricosuric effect and possible molecular mechanisms underlying the renal urate transporters responsible for urate reabsorption in vivo.

Structure-Based Optimization and Biological Evaluation of Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors as Novel Potential Antiobesity Agents.

The unusual fused β-lactone vibralactone was isolated from cultures of the basidiomycete Boreostereum vibrans and has been shown to significantly inhibit pancreatic lipase. In this study, a structure-based lead optimization of vibralactone resulted in three series of 104 analogs, among which compound C1 exhibited the most potent inhibition of pancreatic lipase, with an IC50 value of 14 nM. This activity is more than 3000-fold higher than that of vibralactone.

Mangiferin and its aglycone, norathyriol, improve glucose metabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase.

Context: Mangiferin has been reported to possess antidiabetic activities. Norathyriol, a xanthone aglycone, has the same structure as mangiferin, except for a C-glucosyl bond. To our best knowledge, no study has been conducted to determine and compare those two compounds on glucose consumption in vitro.

Reducing effect of mangiferin on serum uric acid levels in mice.

Context: Mangiferin, a natural bioactive xanthone C-glycoside, is widely present in medicinal plants like the leaf of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae). It has been reported that mangiferin possesses a variety of biological activities, including antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic.

3,5,2',4'-Tetrahydroxychalcone, a new non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Xanthine oxidase is a key enzyme that catalyses hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid and the overproduction of uric acid will lead to hyperuricemia which is an important cause of gout. In the present study, three chalcone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase in vitro. Of the compounds, only Compound 1, 3,5,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone, exhibited a significant inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase with an IC(50) value of 22.

Effect of the chloro-substitution on lowering diabetic hyperglycemia of vanadium complexes with their permeability and cytotoxicity.

The effect of the chloro-substitution of dinuclear vanadium (V) complexes on lowering diabetic hyperglycemia was evaluated. The in vivo tests for hypoglycemic activity show that complex 2 at the dose of 10.0 and 20.