Development and Evaluation of Non-Antibiotic Growth Promoters for Food Animals.

The widespread utilization of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) boosts the growth rate of food animals and enhances human living standards. Nevertheless, it is accompanied by escalating antibiotic resistance. Consequently, there is an urgent demand to develop novel alternatives to growth promoters.

A comprehensive review on targeting cluster of differentiation: An attractive strategy for inhibiting viruses through host proteins.

Viral infections continue to pose a significant global public health threat. Targeting host proteins, such as cluster of differentiation (CD) macromolecules, may offer a promising alternative approach to developing antiviral treatments. CDs are cell-surface biological macromolecules mainly expressed on leukocytes that viruses can use to enter cells, thereby evading immune detection and promoting their replication.

A novel mitochondria-related core gene signature to predict the prognosis and evaluate tumour microenvironment in CESC single-cell validation.

Mitochondria and their related genes (MTRGs) are pivotal in the tumour microenvironment (TME) of cervical cancer, influencing prognosis and treatment response. This study developed a prognostic model using MTRGs to predict overall survival (OS) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), aiming for personalized therapy. Analysing 14 MTRGs like ISCU and NDUFA11 through techniques such as univariate Cox regression, we found that a low mitochondrial (MT) score is associated with better survival, while a high MT score predicts poorer outcomes.

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interactions: Research Methods and Applications.

Because of the high research and development cost of new drugs, the long development process of new drugs, and the high failure rate at later stages, combining past drugs has gradually become a more economical and attractive alternative. However, the ensuing problem of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) urgently need to be solved, and combination has attracted a lot of attention from pharmaceutical researchers. At present, DDI is often evaluated and investigated from two perspectives: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

Study on the Metabolic Transformation Rule of Enrofloxacin Combined with Tilmicosin in Laying Hens.

There is often abuse of drugs in livestock and poultry production, and the improper use of drugs leads to the existence of a low level of residues in eggs, which is a potential threat to human safety. Enrofloxacin (EF) and tilmicosin (TIM) are regularly combined for the prevention and treatment of poultry diseases. The current studies on EF or TIM mainly focus on a single drug, and the effects of the combined application of these two antibiotics on EF metabolism in laying hens are rarely reported.

Metabolic Disposition and Elimination of Tritum-Labeled Sulfamethoxazole in Pigs, Chickens and Rats.

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), as a sulfa antibiotic, is often used in the treatment of various infectious diseases in animal husbandry. At present, SMZ still has many unresolved problems in the material balance, metabolic pathways, and residual target tissues in food animals. Therefore, in order to solve these problems, the metabolism, distribution, and elimination of SMZ is investigated in pigs, chickens, and rats by radioactive tracing methods, and the residue marker and target tissue of SMZ in food animals were determined, providing a reliable basis for food safety.

Dosing Regimen of Aditoprim and Sulfamethoxazole Combination for the Containing Resistance and Virulence Genes.

() causes Glasser's disease in pigs and causes high mortality in piglets. The new drug Aditoprim (ADP) alone or combined with Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) is one of the good choices for treating respiratory infections. The objective of this study was to recommend the optimal dosing regimen for the treatment of infection which contains resistance and virulence genes by ADP/SMZ compound through pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) modeling.

An overview of single-molecule techniques and applications in the study of nucleic acid structure and function.

Nucleic acids are an indispensable component in all known life forms. The biological processes are regulated by Nucleic acids, which associate to form special high-order structures. since the high-level structures of nucleic acids are related to gene expression in cancer cells or viruses, it is very likely to become a potential drug target.

A new drug-drug interaction-tilmicosin reduces the metabolism of enrofloxacin through CYP3A4.

The monitoring results in China have shown that the phenomenon of single-pollutant residues exceeding the standard in food has decreased, while the coexistence of many low-level residual pollutants has increased significantly. Among these, the combined use of enrofloxacin (EF) and tilmicosin (TIM) is serious. Despite that, little is comprehended about influences of the drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by EF and TIM.

Rational Use of Danofloxacin for Treatment of in Chickens Based on the Clinical Breakpoint and Lung Microbiota Shift.

The study was to explore the rational use of danofloxacin against () based on its clinical breakpoint (CBP) and the effect on lung microbiota. The CBP was established according to epidemiological cutoff value (ECV/CO), pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) cutoff value (CO) and clinical cutoff value (CO). The ECV was determined by the micro-broth dilution method and analyzed by ECOFFinder software.

Excretion and Residual Concentration Correlations of Salbutamol Between Edible Tissues and Living Samples in Pigs and Goats.

Illegal use of salbutamol (SAL), a β-adrenergic leanness-enhancing agent, has posed potential threat to human health in China. The excretion and depletion of SAL in pigs and goats were investigated, and the concentration correlations between edible tissues and living samples were analyzed to find out a suitable living sample for pre-slaughter monitoring of SAL in pigs and goats. After a single oral dosage of 1.

Prudent Use of Tylosin for Treatment of Based on Its Clinical Breakpoint and Lung Microbiota Shift.

The aim of this study was to explore the prudent use of tylosin for the treatment of chronic respiratory infectious diseases in chickens caused by (MG) based on its clinical breakpoint (CBP) and its effect on lung microbiota. The CBP was established based on the wild-type/epidemiological cutoff value (CO/ECV), pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) cutoff value (CO), and clinical cutoff value (CO) of tylosin against MG. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tylosin against 111 MG isolates was analyzed and the CO was 2 μg/ml.

Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on carbon nanotubes for determination of sulfamethoxazole, acetyl sulfamethoxazole and aditoprim residues in edible swine tissues with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Sulphonamides (SAs) are widely used in animal husbandry. In our work, based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes, a novel residue method was developed for highly sensitive and determination trace levels of sulfamethoxazole, acetyl sulfamethoxazole and aditoprim in edible swine tissues by LC-MS/MS with magnetic solid-phase extraction. The samples were extracted using 2% ammoniated acetonitrile and purified by magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE).

Recent advances in the development of small molecules targeting RNA G-quadruplexes for drug discovery.

Extensive evidence indicates that RNA G-quadruplexes have associated with some important cellular events. Investigation of RNA G-quadruplexes is thus vital to revealing their biofunctions. Several small molecules have been developed to target RNA G-quadruplexes to date.

Formulation, Characterization and Pharmacokinetics of Long-acting Ceftiofur Hydrochloride Suspension.

Objective: A ceftiofur hydrochloride long-acting oily suspension with no irritation was prepared by testing and optimizing the types and amounts of organic solvents, suspending agents, and surfactants.

Methods: Its properties, stability, injection site irritation, release, and pharmacokinetics in pigs were evaluated. The optimum formulation was used ethyl oleate, aluminum monosterate, and span-80 as organic solvents, suspending agents, and surfactant, respectively.

The search for a microbiological inhibition method for the rapid, broad-spectrum and high-throughput screening of six kinds of antibiotic residues in swine urine.

In this study, a microbiological inhibition method for rapidly screening antibiotics in swine urine was established with an easy sample pre-treatment. The microbiological system consisted of an agar medium mixed with nutrients, sensitizers, a test bacterium (Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC12980) and pH indicator (bromocresol purple). It was observed that the detection limits of the test kit for twenty-eight common antimicrobial residues in urine, including β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, macrolides, and lincosamides, were less than or equal to the maximum residue limits of the kidney, as determined by the EU and China.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Thiazolidinone-Containing Quinoxaline-1,4-di--oxides as Antimycobacterial and Antifungal Agents.

Tuberculosis and fungal infections can pose serious threats to human health. In order to find novel antimicrobial agents, 26 novel quinoxaline-1,4-di--oxides containing a thiazolidinone moiety were designed and synthesized, and their antimycobacterial activities were evaluated. Among them, compounds , , , and displayed the most potent antimycobacterial activity against strain H37Rv (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 1.

A Review: Effects of Macrolides on CYP450 Enzymes.

As a kind of haemoglobin, cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) participate in the metabolism of many substances, including endogenous substances, exogenous substances and drugs. It is estimated that 60% of common prescription drugs require bioconversion through CYP450. The influence of macrolides on CYP450 contributes to the metabolism and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of macrolides.

Intracellular delivery, accumulation, and discrepancy in antibacterial activity of four enrofloxacin-loaded fatty acid solid lipid nanoparticles.

Four fatty acid-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were formulated and evaluated for intracellular delivery, accumulation, as well as discrepancy in antimicrobial efficacy of their loaded enrofloxacin by using RAW 264.7 cells. The delivery efficacy of enrofloxacin into the macrophages by docosanoic acid SLNs (DAS), octadecanoic acid SLNs (OAS), hexadecanoic acid SLNs (HAS), and tetradecanoic acid SLNs (TAS) were 26.

Construction of an Electrochemical Receptor Sensor Based on Graphene/Thionine for the Sensitive Determination of β-Lactam Antibiotics Content in Milk.

In antibiotics, β-lactam is one kind of major concern acknowledged as an unavoidable contaminant in milk. Thus, a facile and sensitive method is essential for rapid β-lactam antibiotics detection. In our work, a specific electrochemical receptor sensor based on the graphene/thionine (GO/TH) composite was established.

Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics models of veterinary antimicrobial agents.

Misuse and abuse of veterinary antimicrobial agents have led to an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, clinical treatment failure, and drug residues. To address these problems, consistent and appropriate dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are needed. Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) models have been widely used to establish rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents that can achieve effective prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases and avoid the development of bacterial resistance.

A microbiological inhibition method for the rapid, broad-spectrum, and high-throughput screening of 34 antibiotic residues in milk.

In this study, we developed a microbiological inhibition method for the rapid screening of antibiotics in milk with Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC12980 as an indicator bacterium and an easy sample pretreatment. We observed that the limits of detection of the kit for 34 common antibiotic residues in milk, including β-lactams (13), aminoglycosides (6), tetracyclines (4), sulfonamides (6), macrolides (4), lincosamides (1), were lower than or close to the maximum residue limits formulated by the European Union and China. Moreover, the false-positive rate was 1% and the false-negative rates were less than 5%.

DNA methylation and RASSF4 expression are involved in T-2 toxin-induced hepatotoxicity.

T-2 toxin is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium species and commonly contaminates food and animal feed. T-2 toxin can induce hepatotoxicity through apoptosis and oxidative stress; however, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Recent studies indicated that RASSF4, a member of the RASSF family, participates in cell apoptosis and some cancers due to its inactivation via DNA hypermethylation.

DNA methylation is involved in pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in T-2 toxin-induced liver injury.

Currently, T-2 toxin has been reported to cause liver toxicity with the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation; however, the underlying mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced liver injury is not fully understood. Increasing lines of evidence show that DNA methylation affects the expression of inflammatory cytokine, and plays a crucial role in autoimmune diseases. Nevertheless, the potential role of DNA methylation in the hepatotoxicity of T-2 toxin has not been explored.