B cells upregulate NMDARs, respond to extracellular glutamate, and express mature BDNF to protect the brain from ischemic injury.

Following stroke, B cells enter brain regions outside of the ischemic injury to mediate functional recovery. Although B cells produce neurotrophins that support remote plasticity, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), it remains unclear which signal(s) activate B cells in the absence of infarct-localized pro-inflammatory cues. Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type receptor (NMDAR) subunits on neurons can upregulate mature BDNF (mBDNF) production from a pro-BDNF precursor, but whether this occurs in B cells is unknown.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mediates cerebral ischemia-induced astrocytic reactivity.

Although ischemia increases the abundance of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), its source and role in the ischemic brain remain unclear. We detected PAI-1-immunoreactive cells with morphological features of reactive astrocytes in the peri-ischemic cortex of mice after an experimentally-induced ischemic lesion, and of a chimpanzee that suffered a naturally-occurring stroke. We found that although the abundance of PAI-1 increases 24 hours after the onset of the ischemic injury in a non-reperfusion murine model of ischemic stroke, at that time-point there is no difference in astrocytic reactivity and the volume of the ischemic lesion between wild-type (Wt) animals and in mice either genetically deficient (PAI-1) or overexpressing PAI-1 (PAI-1).

Synthetic approach to 2-alkyl-4-quinolones and 2-alkyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxamides based on common β-keto amide precursors.

β-Keto amides were used as convenient precursors to both 2-alkyl-4-quinolones and 2-alkyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxamides. The utility of this approach is demonstrated with the synthesis of fourteen novel and four known quinolone derivatives, including natural products of microbial origin such as HHQ and its C-congener. Two compounds with high activity against have been identified among the newly obtained quinolones, with MICs ≤ 3.

Superior fixation strength of coronoid process replacement using individually designed 3D printed prosthesis with curved cemented intramedullary stem.

Background: Coronoid fractures frequently occur as part of complex elbow injuries and account for 2%-15% of the cases with dislocations. Comminuted fractures and nonunions necessitate surgical treatment. Considering the latest technological advancements, the aim of this study was to investigate the fixation strength of coronoid replacement using an individualized 3D printed prosthesis with curved cemented intramedullary (IM) stem vs.

Thermosensitive Biodegradable Hydrogels for Local and Controlled Cerebral Delivery of Proteins: MRI-Based Monitoring of and Protein Release.

Hydrogels have been suggested as novel drug delivery systems for sustained release of therapeutic proteins in various neurological disorders. The main advantage these systems offer is the controlled, prolonged exposure to a therapeutically effective dose of the released drug after a single intracerebral injection. Characterization of controlled release of therapeutics from a hydrogel is generally performed , as current methods do not allow for measurements of spatiotemporal distribution and release kinetics of a loaded protein.

Prolonged release of VEGF and Ang1 from intralesionally implanted hydrogel promotes perilesional vascularization and functional recovery after experimental ischemic stroke.

Injectable hydrogels can generate and support pro-repair environments in injured tissue. Here we used a slow-releasing drug carrying -forming hydrogel to promote post-stroke recovery in a rat model. Release kinetics were measured and with MRI, using gadolinium-labeled albumin (Galbumin), which demonstrated prolonged release over multiple weeks.

Study on the Complex Formation and the Ion-Association of Anionic Chelate of Molybdenum(VI) with Bidentate Ligand and the Cation of 2,3,5-Triphenyl-2?-tetrazolium Chloride.

The complex formation between the anionic chelate of molybdenum(VI) with the bidentate ligand of 3,5-dinitrocatechol (3,5-DNC) and its ion-association with the cation of 2,3,5-triphenyl-2?-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) in the liquid-liquid extraction system Mo(VI)?3,5-DNC?TTC?H2O?CHCl3 were studied by spectrophotometry. The validity of Beer's law was checked and some analytical characteristics of the system were calculated under the optimum conditions for the chelate formation and extraction. The effect of various co-existing ions and reagents on the process of chelate formation and ion-association was investigated.

Two reconstruction plates provide superior stability of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in comparison to single plating - A biomechanical study.

Background: Displaced midshaft fractures are the most common surgically treated clavicle fractures. However, they are associated with high complication rates following plating due to fixation failure in terms of plate breakage, screw breakage and/or screw loosening. The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical competence of three different plating techniques for fixation of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures.

Effect of systemic antihypertensives on change in intraocular pressure after initiating topical prostaglandins for primary open-angle glaucoma.

Purpose: There is a limited understanding of factors that influence the efficacy of topical glaucoma medication. Our study is a long-term, case-control analysis of how systemic antihypertensive (anti-HTN) medications influence the change in IOP after initiating prostaglandin (PG) drop therapy.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective chart review of 3,781 patients was performed on patients with a diagnosis of glaucoma suspect that progressed to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by ICD-9 codes over a 10-year period.

Impaired meningeal lymphatic vessel development worsens stroke outcome.

The discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels (LVs) has sparked interest in identifying their role in diseases of the central nervous system. Similar to peripheral LVs, meningeal LVs depend on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR3) signaling for development. Here we characterize the effect of stroke on meningeal LVs, and the impact of meningeal lymphatic hypoplasia on post-stroke outcomes.

Synthesis of functionalised β-keto amides by aminoacylation/domino fragmentation of β-enamino amides.

Ethylenediamine-derived β-enamino amides are used as equivalents of amide enolate synthons in -acylation reactions with -protected amino acids. Domino fragmentation of the obtained intermediates leads to functionalised β-keto amides, bearing a protected amino group in their side chain.

Magnetic resonance imaging of local and remote vascular remodelling after experimental stroke.

The pattern of vascular remodelling in relation to recovery after stroke remains largely unclear. We used steady-state contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to assess the development of cerebral blood volume and microvascular density in perilesional and exofocal areas from (sub)acutely to chronically after transient stroke in rats. Microvascular density was verified histologically after infusion with Evans Blue dye.

Effects of rivastigmine and memantine alone and in combination on learning and memory in rats with scopolamine-induced amnesia.

Background: Cholinesterase inhibitors and glutamate blockers are commonly used for the treatment of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. The aim was to evaluate the effects of rivastigmine and memantine alone or in combination in rats with scopolamine-impaired memory.

Method: 5 groups of rats were used: control, scopolamine (model), model with rivastigmine, model with memantine, and model with both drugs.

Can diffusion kurtosis imaging improve the sensitivity and specificity of detecting microstructural alterations in brain tissue chronically after experimental stroke? Comparisons with diffusion tensor imaging and histology.

Imaging techniques that provide detailed insights into structural tissue changes after stroke can vitalize development of treatment strategies and diagnosis of disease. Diffusion-weighted MRI has been playing an important role in this regard. Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI), a recent addition to this repertoire, has opened up further possibilities in extending our knowledge about structural tissue changes related to injury as well as plasticity.

Chronic hyperperfusion and angiogenesis follow subacute hypoperfusion in the thalamus of rats with focal cerebral ischemia.

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is disrupted after focal ischemia in rats. We examined long-term hemodynamic and cerebrovascular changes in the rat thalamus after focal cerebral ischemia. Cerebral blood flow quantified by arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging was decreased in the ipsilateral and contralateral thalamus 2 days after cerebral ischemia.