Quantization avoids saddle points in distributed optimization.

Distributed nonconvex optimization underpins key functionalities of numerous distributed systems, ranging from power systems, smart buildings, cooperative robots, vehicle networks to sensor networks. Recently, it has also merged as a promising solution to handle the enormous growth in data and model sizes in deep learning. A fundamental problem in distributed nonconvex optimization is avoiding convergence to saddle points, which significantly degrade optimization accuracy.

Highly Selective Photocatalytic CO Methanation with Water Vapor on Single-Atom Platinum-Decorated Defective Carbon Nitride.

Solar-driven CO methanation with water is an important route to simultaneously address carbon neutrality and produce fuels. It is challenging to achieve high selectivity in CO methanation due to competing reactions. Nonetheless, aspects of the catalyst design can be controlled with meaningful effects on the catalytic outcomes.

Altering Hydrogenation Pathways in Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation by Tuning Local Electronic Structure of Oxygen Vacancy with Dopant.

To avoid the energy-consuming step of direct N≡N bond cleavage, photocatalytic N fixation undergoing the associative pathways has been developed for mild-condition operation. However, it is a fundamental yet challenging task to gain comprehensive understanding on how the associative pathways (i.e.

Recent advances in engineering active sites for photocatalytic CO reduction.

The photocatalytic conversion of green-house gas CO into high value-added carbonaceous fuels and chemicals through harvesting solar energy is a great promising strategy for simultaneously tackling global environmental issues and the energy crisis. Considering the vital role of active sites in determining the activity and selectivity in photocatalytic CO reduction reactions, great efforts have been directed toward engineering active sites for fabricating efficient photocatalysts. This review highlights recent advances in the strategies for engineering active sites on surfaces and in open frameworks toward photocatalytic CO reduction, referring to surface vacancies, doped heteroatoms, functional groups, loaded metal nanoparticles, crystal facets, heterogeneous/homogeneous single-site catalysts and metal nodes/organic linkers in metal organic frameworks.

Sulfur Atomically Doped Bismuth Nanobelt Driven by Electrochemical Self-Reconstruction for Boosted Electrocatalysis.

Recent years have witnessed various in-depth research efforts on self-reconstruction behavior toward electrocatalysis. Tracking the phase transformation and evolution of true active sites is of great significance for the development of self-reconstructed electrocatalysts. Here, the optimized atomic sulfur-doped bismuth nanobelt (S-Bi) is fabricated via an electrochemical self-reconstruction evolved from BiS.

Scalable Fabrication of Highly Active and Durable Membrane Electrodes toward Water Oxidation.

The electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a highly important reaction that requires a relatively high overpotential and determines the rate of water splitting-a process for producing hydrogen. The overall OER performance is often largely limited by uncontrollable interface when active catalysts are loaded on conductive supports, for which polymer binders are widely used, but inevitably block species transportation channels. Here, a scalable fabrication approach to freestanding graphitized carbon nanofiber networks is reported, which provides abundant sites for in situ growing Fe/Ni catalysts with the improved interface.