Adenosine-Dependent Arousal Induced by Astrocytes in a Brainstem Circuit.

Astrocytes play a crucial role in regulating sleep-wake behavior. However, how astrocytes govern a specific sleep-arousal circuit remains unknown. Here, the authors show that parafacial zone (PZ) astrocytes responded to sleep-wake cycles with state-differential Ca activity, peaking during transitions from sleep to wakefulness.

A hypothalamic-amygdala circuit underlying sexually dimorphic aggression.

Male animals often display higher levels of aggression than females. However, the neural circuitry mechanisms underlying this sexually dimorphic aggression remain elusive. Here, we identify a hypothalamic-amygdala circuit that mediates male-biased aggression in mice.

Effectiveness of high-risk human papillomavirus genotyping for cervical cancer screening. A multicentre screening cohort study in rural China.

Background: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) primary testing for cervical cancer screening in China's rural areas.

Methods: Women aged 21-64 years were recruited. Cervical cytology was diagnosed following the Bethesda 2001 classification system, HPV infection (HR-HPV, HPV-16, HPV-18, and other 12 genotypes) identified by Cobas-4800, and colposcopy and biopsy performed when required.

Control of defensive behavior by the nucleus of Darkschewitsch GABAergic neurons.

The nucleus of Darkschewitsch (ND), mainly composed of GABAergic neurons, is widely recognized as a component of the eye-movement controlling system. However, the functional contribution of ND GABAergic neurons (ND) in animal behavior is largely unknown. Here, we show that ND neurons were selectively activated by different types of fear stimuli, such as predator odor and foot shock.

Analysis of Dietary and Nutritional Status of Tuberculosis Patients in Hulunbuir Region.

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Malnutrition is a common complication of TB and can worsen the disease outcome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary and nutritional status, as well as the dietary structure, of TB patients in Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia, China.

Dopamine release and negative valence gated by inhibitory neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus.

GABAergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) encode aversion by directly inhibiting mesolimbic dopamine (DA). Yet, the detailed cellular and circuit mechanisms by which these cells relay unpleasant stimuli to DA neurons and regulate behavioral output remain largely unclear. Here, we show that LDT neurons bidirectionally respond to rewarding and aversive stimuli in mice.

The Prevalence of Cervical HPV Infection and Genotype Distribution in 856,535 Chinese Women with Normal and Abnormal Cervical Lesions: A Systemic Review.

Cervical cancer is the commonest cancer affecting women worldwide. During the last decades, the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer have increased in China. This research aims to assess the overall and genotype-specific prevalence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among Chinese women with normal cervix, considering age, and geographic location.

The choice of medical facility and associated factors among Chinese advanced colorectal cancer patients: a cross-sectional multi-center study.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant public health burden worldwide. The investigation of the choice of medical facility among CRC patients is helpful for understanding access to health services and improving quality of oncology services to optimize health outcomes. However, there are limited studies on the topic.

Health-related quality of life in advanced colorectal cancer patients in China: a nationwide hospital-based survey.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in China, and most CRC patients have already reached an advanced stage by the time of initial diagnosis. Due to the loss of health as a result of cancer, it has consequence on the treatment which may affect the psychophysical and social impairment of CRC patients. These indicators (psychophysical, function and social impairment) affect the health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

Disease knowledge, medical experience, health-related quality of life and health-care costs among patients with advanced colorectal cancer in China: protocol for a nationwide multicentre survey.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in China. Most patients have developed advanced stage at diagnosis, leading to a low 5-year survival rate. To optimise prevention strategies, we planned a survey to evaluate the disease knowledge, medical experience and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) before and after the treatment of CRC, and healthcare costs among patients with advanced CRC in China.

Cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus guide reversal learning by signaling the changing reward contingency.

Cognitive flexibility enables effective switching between mental processes to generate appropriate responses. Cholinergic neurons (CNs) within the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are associated with many functions, but their contribution to cognitive flexibility remains poorly understood. Here we measure PPN cholinergic activities using calcium indicators during the attentional set-shifting task.

A substantia innominata-midbrain circuit controls a general aggressive response.

Although aggressive behaviors are universal and essential for survival, "uncontrollable" and abnormal aggressive behaviors in animals or humans may have severe adverse consequences or social costs. Neural circuits regulating specific forms of aggression under defined conditions have been described, but how brain circuits govern a general aggressive response remains unknown. Here, we found that posterior substantia innominata (pSI) neurons responded to several aggression-provoking cues with the graded activity of differential dynamics, predicting the aggressive state and the topography of aggression in mice.

Parabrachial nucleus circuit governs neuropathic pain-like behavior.

The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) is known to relay noxious information to the amygdala for processing affective responses. However, it is unclear whether the LPBN actively processes neuropathic pain characterized by persistent hyperalgesia with aversive emotional responses. Here we report that neuropathic pain-like hypersensitivity induced by common peroneal nerve (CPN) ligation increases nociceptive stimulation-induced responses in glutamatergic LPBN neurons.

[Multidisciplinary Prevention and Control of Cervical Cancer:Application and Prospects].

Cervical cancer is the second most common malignant tumor in women worldwide.The burden of cervical cancer is particularly heavy in less developed countries as the malignancy brings huge pain to the patients and their family members and causes huge losses to social development and global health.However,cervical cancer is a preventable and curable disease.

Activation of astrocytes in hippocampus decreases fear memory through adenosine A receptors.

Astrocytes respond to and regulate neuronal activity, yet their role in mammalian behavior remains incompletely understood. Especially unclear is whether, and if so how, astrocyte activity regulates contextual fear memory, the dysregulation of which leads to pathological fear-related disorders. We generated rats to allow the specific activation of astrocytes in vivo by optogenetics.

[Ethical Issues of Medical Artificial Intelligence].

As an important branch of artificial intelligence,the emerging medical artificial intelligence(MAI)is facing many ethical issues.MAI may offer the optimal diagnosis and treatment for patients but may also bring adverse effects on society and human beings.This article discusses the ethical problems caused by MAI and elucidates its development in a direction that meets ethical principles and requirements.

An H-ferritin from the hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata and its potential role in iron metabolism.

Rimicaris exoculata (Decapoda: Bresiliidae) is one of the dominant species among hydrothermal vent communities along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This shrimp can tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals such as iron, but the mechanisms used for detoxification and utilization of excess metals remain largely unknown. Ferritin is a major iron storage protein in most living organisms.

A Critical Time-Window for the Selective Induction of Hippocampal Memory Consolidation by a Brief Episode of Slow-Wave Sleep.

Although extensively studied, the exact role of sleep in learning and memory is still not very clear. Sleep deprivation has been most frequently used to explore the effects of sleep on learning and memory, but the results from such studies are inevitably complicated by concurrent stress and distress. Furthermore, it is not clear whether there is a strict time-window between sleep and memory consolidation.