Neuronal insulin signaling and resistance: a balancing act of kinases and phosphatases.

Insulin signaling cascade in peripheral insulin-sensitive tissues regulates whole-body glucose metabolism. Any deregulation in this pathway leads to insulin resistance, ultimately leading to metabolic diseases like type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Insulin signaling in the brain has also been studied for many decades and associated with many primary functions like maintenance of synaptic plasticity, regulation of cognition, and circadian rhythm.

PP1γ regulates neuronal insulin signaling and aggravates insulin resistance leading to AD-like phenotypes.

Background: PP1γ is one of the isoforms of catalytic subunit of a Ser/Thr phosphatase PP1. The role of PP1γ in cellular regulation is largely unknown. The present study investigated the role of PP1γ in regulating neuronal insulin signaling and insulin resistance in neuronal cells.

PP2Cα aggravates neuronal insulin resistance leading to AD-like phenotype in vitro.

Neuronal insulin resistance is a major risk for development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Studies already reported few kinases participating in neuronal insulin signaling connected with progression of AD pathogenesis, yet complete information is missing. α isoform of Protein Phosphatase-2C (PP2C) is a Ser/Thr phosphatase, only known in 3T3-L1 adipocytes as a positive regulator of insulin signaling.

Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Exercise-A Neuronal Perspective.

The beneficial effects of exercise on the proper functioning of the body have been firmly established. Multi-systemic metabolic regulation of exercise is the consequence of multitudinous changes that occur at the cellular level. The exercise responsome comprises all molecular entities including exerkines, miRNA species, growth factors, signaling proteins that are elevated and activated by physical exercise.

PP2Cα positively regulates neuronal insulin signalling and aggravates neuronal insulin resistance.

PP2Cα is one of the newly identified isoforms of metal-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM). The role of this phosphatase in neuronal insulin signalling is completely unknown. In the present study, we show insulin-mediated rapid upregulation of a protein of the insulin signalling cascade, PP2Cα, in mouse N2a cells and human SH-SY5Y cells.

Ser/Thr phosphatases: One of the key regulators of insulin signaling.

Protein phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates several cellular processes including insulin signaling. The evidences so far have already portrayed the importance of balanced actions of kinases and phosphatases in regulating the insulin signaling cascade. Therefore, elucidating the role of both kinases and phosphatases are equally important.

Review article: irritable bowel syndrome: natural history, bowel habit stability and overlap with other gastrointestinal disorders.

Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) characteristically fluctuate over time. We aimed to review the natural history of IBS and IBS subgroups including bowel habit disturbances, and the overlap of IBS with other gastrointestinal disorders. The community incidence of IBS is approximately 67 per 1000 person years.

Fully Nonlinear ${SP}_{3}$ Approximation Based Fluorescence Optical Tomography.

In fluorescence optical tomography, many works in the literature focus on the linear reconstruction problem to obtain the fluorescent yield or the linearized reconstruction problem to obtain the absorption coefficient. The nonlinear reconstruction problem, to reconstruct the fluorophore absorption coefficient, is of interest in imaging studies as it presents the possibility of better reconstructions owing to a more appropriate model. Accurate and computationally efficient forward models are also critical in the reconstruction process.

Towards crossbar nanoarray structure via microcontact printing.

The method for patterning arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT's) in symmetric patterns to form junctions has been demonstrated. This has been achieved by incorporating the technique of microcontact printing using poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds. Relief structures in the order of a few micrometers were fabricated that enabled the transfer of continuous horizontal arrays of MWCNT's in aqueous suspension in a controlled manner.